Neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence following a hypothetical intervention to increase residential greenspace cover in the UK Biobank cohort.

Abstract

Background: Higher greenspace exposure has been associated with lower risk of certain cancers. However, few studies evaluated potential benefits of increasing population-level exposure to greenspace on cancer disparities. We estimated the impact of a hypothetical intervention to increase residential greenspace cover on neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in total, breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer incidence.

Methods: Our study included 411,787 cancer-free UK Biobank participants. Percentage of greenspace around baseline residential addresses (300m, 1000m distance buffers) was derived by combining domestic gardens and greenspace cover from the Generalised Land Use Database. We categorized neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of each cancer associated with greenspace, adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. We additionally adjusted for air pollution in supplementary analyses as we a-priori hypothesized that it was on the causal pathway between greenspace and cancer. Further, we used parametric g-computation to calculate the standardized 10-year risk of each cancer, comparing the least to most socioeconomically disadvantaged participants, both without any hypothetical greenspace intervention and under a hypothetical intervention to increase residential greenspace cover to a favorable threshold (75^th percentile amongst the least socioeconomically deprived participants).

Results: We documented 40,519 incident cases of cancer over 4,210,008 person-years follow-up. An interquartile range increase in greenspace cover within 300m was associated with lower incidence of total (HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97, 1.00) and lung (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.92, 0.99) cancer, and was suggestively associated with lower prostate and breast cancer incidence, but not colorectal cancer. Additional adjustment for fine particulate matter air pollution (PM_2.5) weakened lung cancer associations but strengthened breast and prostate cancer associations (e.g., 300m prostate cancer HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89, 0.97). The hypothetical intervention to increase greenspace (300m) resulted in 1.3 fewer total cancer cases per 1000 (95% CI 1.0, 1.6) in the most compared to least deprived group, a 23% reduction in the socioeconomic disparity gap.

Discussion: Higher residential greenspace cover was associated with lower total, breast, lung, and prostate cancer incidence. Policies to increase residential greenspace cover may reduce the risk of certain cancers, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.