Conjugated hypercrosslinked polymers for in situ imprinting, selective sorption, and fluorescent turn-on sensing of oxalic acid

Abstract

Hypercrosslinked polymer (HCP) is a subclass of porous organic polymer possessing abundant microporosity, tailor-made functionality, and excellent stability. It features low-cost and easily direct knitting synthesis, facilitating the construction of π-conjugated frameworks with fluorescent properties by properly selecting building blocks (BBs) and linkers. Simultaneous imprinting of target molecules into the conjugated HCPs will create selective sorbents and sensors. We prepared several BBs to be polymerized with a terephthaloyl chloride (TCL) linker through Friedel–Crafts acylation in the presence of some imprinting molecules to clarify the best collocation for the advancement of imprinted polymer. With the highest increase in fluorescence intensity (F), the conjugated HCP comprised of dibenzofuran (DBF) and TCL was selected as contact with oxalic acid (OA). The OA-imprinted DBF-TCL (MICHP) was characterized by FTIR-approved structures, amorphous SEM images, TGA degradation at 390 °C, blue-shift emission, prolonged lifetime, and aggregation-caused quenching. The increase in F was proportional to OA concentration (0.17–20.0 μM, RSD = 1.6%, LOD = 0.03 μM) in THF/H₂O (pH 7.0) containing MICHP (0.2 mg/3 mL) and 6.0 min equilibrium. The F increase arose from inhibiting the quenching of photo-induced electron transfer because of protonation and association of OA with imprinted cavities. Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm precisely modeled the imprinted cavity affinity for OA with binding sites of 114.5 μmol/g and heterogeneity of 0.939. The cavities distinctly recognized OA and malonic acid interferant, presenting imprinting factor (4.76 vs. 1.35), specific sorption ratio (79.0% vs. 25.7%), and relative selectivity coefficient (3.935 vs. 0.779), which sustained the precise measurements of OA in tomato, taro, and urine. This study approved a cheap and easy strategy to implant fluorescent and imprinting functions in HCPs using as sorbent and sensor through Friedel–Crafts acylation of electrophilic crosslinker and nucleophilic BB, especially those with heterocyclics.

Graphical Abstract

Scheme for the preparation of molecularly imprinted π-conjugated hypercrosslinked polymers (MICHP) and the change in fluorescence intensity of MICHP with the addition of oxalic acid