Nano Silica Catalyzed Synthesis, NMR Spectral and Photophysical Studies of Imidazole Derivatives

Abstract

This study explores the use of nano SiO₂ as a catalyst in the synthesis of imidazole derivatives, demonstrating its superior catalytic efficiency compared to conventional catalysts. The high surface area of nano SiO₂ significantly enhances reactant interactions, resulting in higher yields of imidazole products. Detailed NMR spectral analysis provided precise characterizations of the imidazole derivatives, revealing well-defined chemical shifts. The influence of solvent polarity on absorption and fluorescence spectra was investigated, showing that polar solvents induce pronounced bathochromic shifts by stabilizing the excited states through hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions. Quantum yield and emission kinetics analyses highlighted the role of non-radiative decay pathways in reducing fluorescence efficiency. Furthermore, DFT calculations of HOMO–LUMO energies elucidated how substituents affect electronic transitions and solvatochromic shifts. These findings underscore the effectiveness of nano SiO₂ as a catalyst, illustrate the impact of solvent interactions on molecular behavior, and provide comprehensive insights into the electronic properties of imidazole derivatives, offering valuable implications for both research and practical applications.