Gardenia jasminoides fruit extract alleviates non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy in rats.

Abstract

Background: NSAID-induced gastropathy is a health burden that requires effective intervention. Among various prevention options, Gardenia jasminoides fruit extract (GJE) has demonstrated gastroprotective effects through anti-inflammatory pathways with a wide safety margin. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of GJE regarding mucoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects remained to be explored. Therefore, we investigated the effects of GJE on NSAID-induced gastric injury in rats, focusing on the expression of the protective factors: prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), and the aggravating factors: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).

Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three experimental groups (n = 8/group): the control group, the NSAIDs group receiving indomethacin to induce gastric ulcers, and the NSAIDs with GJE pretreatment (NSAIDs + GJE) group. After a two-day experimental period, the stomachs were collected for histopathological examination, immunohistochemical staining, and protein expression analysis in gastric tissue lysates.

Results: The NSAIDs group exhibited severe neutrophil infiltration with ulcers upon gastric histopathological examination. Pretreatment with GJE attenuated NSAID-induced gastropathy, as evidenced by reduced neutrophil infiltration and decreased ulceration. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting demonstrated reduced expressions of PGE₂ and MUC5AC, while the expressions of iNOS and NF-κB were increased following NSAID administration. In comparison to the NSAIDs group, the NSAIDs + GJE group exhibited higher expressions of PGE₂ and MUC5AC and lower expressions of iNOS and NF-κB, providing evidence of the gastroprotective effects of GJE.

Conclusions: Pretreatment with GJE alleviated NSAID-induced gastric ulcers by increasing the expression of PGE₂ and MUC5AC and decreasing the expression of iNOS and NF-κB. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms by which GJE attenuates NSAID-induced gastropathy. Further studies are required to validate the effect of GJE in clinical settings.