{"title":"Machine Learning Enabled Compact Frequency-Tunable Triple-Band Hexagonal-Shaped Graphene Antenna for THz Communication","authors":"Jayant Kumar Rai, Uditansh Patel, Poonam Tiwari, Pinku Ranjan, Rakesh Chowdhury","doi":"10.1002/dac.6044","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n <p>In this article, a compact triple-band frequency-tunable (FT) hexagonal-shaped graphene antenna through a machine learning (ML) approach for terahertz (THz) application is presented. The proposed THz antenna is designed on a polyamide (<span></span><math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <msub>\n <mo>∈</mo>\n <mi>r</mi>\n </msub>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mn>3.5</mn>\n </mrow>\n <annotation>$$ {\\in}_r=3.5 $$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>) substrate with a thickness of 10 μm, and graphene is used as an antenna radiator. The size of the substrate is 38 × 46 μm<sup>2</sup>. The FT is achieved by changing the chemical potential of graphene material. The performance of the proposed THz antenna has been investigated, and the impacts of several conducting materials like gold, aluminum, copper, and graphene and dielectric materials like Rogers RT/duroid 5880, polyamide, quartz, and <i>SiO</i><sub><i>2</i></sub> are explored. The proposed THz antenna provides three operating bands. The frequency of operation in Band-1 is 2.51–5.05 THz, Band-2 is 5.99–7.43 THz, and Band-3 is 7.94–9.63 THz. The bandwidth in Band-1, Band-2, and Band-3 are 2.54, 1.44, and 1.69 THz, respectively. The % of impedance bandwidth in Band-1, Band-2, and Band-3 are 67.19%, 24.02%, and 21.28% respectively. The proposed antenna has a maximum peak gain of 5 dBi. The proposed antenna is optimized through various ML algorithms like random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN). The RF algorithm gives more than 99% accuracy compared to other ML algorithms and accurately predicts the <i>S</i><sub>11</sub> of the proposed antenna. The proposed THz antenna would be suitable for applications related to imaging, medical, sensing, and ultra-speed short-distance communication applications in the THz region.</p>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Communication Systems","FirstCategoryId":"94","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dac.6044","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
In this article, a compact triple-band frequency-tunable (FT) hexagonal-shaped graphene antenna through a machine learning (ML) approach for terahertz (THz) application is presented. The proposed THz antenna is designed on a polyamide () substrate with a thickness of 10 μm, and graphene is used as an antenna radiator. The size of the substrate is 38 × 46 μm2. The FT is achieved by changing the chemical potential of graphene material. The performance of the proposed THz antenna has been investigated, and the impacts of several conducting materials like gold, aluminum, copper, and graphene and dielectric materials like Rogers RT/duroid 5880, polyamide, quartz, and SiO2 are explored. The proposed THz antenna provides three operating bands. The frequency of operation in Band-1 is 2.51–5.05 THz, Band-2 is 5.99–7.43 THz, and Band-3 is 7.94–9.63 THz. The bandwidth in Band-1, Band-2, and Band-3 are 2.54, 1.44, and 1.69 THz, respectively. The % of impedance bandwidth in Band-1, Band-2, and Band-3 are 67.19%, 24.02%, and 21.28% respectively. The proposed antenna has a maximum peak gain of 5 dBi. The proposed antenna is optimized through various ML algorithms like random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN). The RF algorithm gives more than 99% accuracy compared to other ML algorithms and accurately predicts the S11 of the proposed antenna. The proposed THz antenna would be suitable for applications related to imaging, medical, sensing, and ultra-speed short-distance communication applications in the THz region.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Communication Systems provides a forum for R&D, open to researchers from all types of institutions and organisations worldwide, aimed at the increasingly important area of communication technology. The Journal''s emphasis is particularly on the issues impacting behaviour at the system, service and management levels. Published twelve times a year, it provides coverage of advances that have a significant potential to impact the immense technical and commercial opportunities in the communications sector. The International Journal of Communication Systems strives to select a balance of contributions that promotes technical innovation allied to practical relevance across the range of system types and issues.
The Journal addresses both public communication systems (Telecommunication, mobile, Internet, and Cable TV) and private systems (Intranets, enterprise networks, LANs, MANs, WANs). The following key areas and issues are regularly covered:
-Transmission/Switching/Distribution technologies (ATM, SDH, TCP/IP, routers, DSL, cable modems, VoD, VoIP, WDM, etc.)
-System control, network/service management
-Network and Internet protocols and standards
-Client-server, distributed and Web-based communication systems
-Broadband and multimedia systems and applications, with a focus on increased service variety and interactivity
-Trials of advanced systems and services; their implementation and evaluation
-Novel concepts and improvements in technique; their theoretical basis and performance analysis using measurement/testing, modelling and simulation
-Performance evaluation issues and methods.