The effect of fuels and other variables on the price of district heating in Finland

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2024.115086

Tapio Ranta, Antti Karhunen, Mika Laihanen

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Abstract

District heating is the most common form of heating in Finland. In 2020, approximately 45 % of the heating energy in residential and service buildings in Finland was produced by district heating. The use of biomass has doubled, and waste heat tripled in the 2010s as they have replaced fossil fuels and peat. This study examined how the use of fuels and other variables have affected the price of district heating. The price of district heating varies widely between different companies, which is assumed to depend mostly on the fuel options. The arithmetic average of district heating companies' taxable sales price of district heat in January 1, 2023 was 91.2 €/MWh. This price was for an apartment building customer, who is the most typical district heating customer. The cheapest district heating was produced with wastes and with peat and the most expensive with fossils and pellets. The study found that the price of district heating varies widely between different companies (52.8–137.5 €/MWh). At its largest, the price difference for average fuel-specific category prices was 16 % (13.6 €/MWh). The price difference compared to fossil fuels has increased with the energy crisis. The price of wood fuels has also risen, as their use has increased, and Russian imports have ended. Therefore, the higher average price of the fossil fuel category was expected, together with higher taxation and price of emission allowances.

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燃料和其他变量对芬兰地区供热价格的影响

区域供暖是芬兰最常见的供暖方式。2020 年，芬兰住宅和服务建筑中约 45% 的供暖能源来自区域供暖。在 2010 年代，生物质的使用量翻了一番，废热的使用量增加了两倍，因为它们已经取代了化石燃料和泥炭。本研究探讨了燃料的使用和其他变量如何影响区域供热的价格。不同公司的区域供热价格差异很大，这主要取决于燃料的选择。2023 年 1 月 1 日，区域供热公司的区域供热应税销售价格的算术平均值为 91.2 欧元/兆瓦时。该价格针对的是公寓楼用户，这是最典型的区域供热用户。使用废物和泥炭生产的区域供热最便宜，使用化石燃料和颗粒燃料生产的区域供热最昂贵。研究发现，不同公司的区域供热价格差异很大（52.8-137.5 欧元/兆瓦时）。最大时，特定燃料类别的平均价格差异为 16%（13.6 欧元/兆瓦时）。与化石燃料相比，价格差异随着能源危机而加大。木质燃料的价格也随着木质燃料使用量的增加和俄罗斯进口的终止而上涨。因此，化石燃料类的平均价格较高是意料之中的，同时税收和排放配额的价格也较高。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 工程技术-能源与燃料

CiteScore

31.20

自引率

5.70%

发文量

1055

审稿时长

62 days

期刊介绍： The mission of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews is to disseminate the most compelling and pertinent critical insights in renewable and sustainable energy, fostering collaboration among the research community, private sector, and policy and decision makers. The journal aims to exchange challenges, solutions, innovative concepts, and technologies, contributing to sustainable development, the transition to a low-carbon future, and the attainment of emissions targets outlined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews publishes a diverse range of content, including review papers, original research, case studies, and analyses of new technologies, all featuring a substantial review component such as critique, comparison, or analysis. Introducing a distinctive paper type, Expert Insights, the journal presents commissioned mini-reviews authored by field leaders, addressing topics of significant interest. Case studies undergo consideration only if they showcase the work's applicability to other regions or contribute valuable insights to the broader field of renewable and sustainable energy. Notably, a bibliographic or literature review lacking critical analysis is deemed unsuitable for publication.