The effect of lead on dermal exposure of plasticizers in toys and associated risk assessment

IF 5.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Emerging Contaminants Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI:10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100432

Chaoli Yuan , Mantuo Huang , Jiajia wan , Zijia Hong , Jiwen Luo , Lixuan Zeng , Yu Bon Man , Bingyan Lan , Xiaomin Yan , Yuan Kang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Numerous studies reported risk assessment of human exposure to plasticizers in toys through dermal pathways, however, dermal bioaccessibility and percutaneous penetration of plasticizers under effects of lead had been seldom studied. In the present study, dermal bioaccessibility of plasticizers including phthalate esters and alternative plasticizers in toys were examined in artificial sweat and SSSM (synthetic sweat and sebum mixture), and percutaneous penetration of plasticizers were investigated by skin cells under individual plasticizers exposure or combined exposure conditions (plasticizers + lead). The present results indicated that dermal bioaccessibility of plasticizers in SSSM were higher than that in artificial sweat. DEHP (Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate) showed highest bioaccessibility among all the plasticizers, DEHT (Di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate) showed highest bioaccessibility among all the alternative plasticizers. DEHP and DEHT were selected to perform the cell absorption assay. Skin cell absorption assay demonstrated that MEHP (Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) was the major metabolite of DEHP and the absorption percentage of DEHP was higher than that of DEHT. Compared to individual exposure of plasticizers, the absorption percentage of DEHP and DEHT in skin cells under the combined exposure condition were increased by 12.40 %–14.63 % and 8.35 %–9.84 %, respectively. Risk assessment indicated that the plasticizers in toy would not result in unacceptable risk for children, but the health risk of plasticizers in toys to children under combined exposure condition would be 1.5–2 times higher than that under individual exposure condition.

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铅对皮肤接触玩具中增塑剂的影响及相关风险评估

许多研究都报告了人类通过皮肤途径接触玩具中的增塑剂的风险评估，但很少研究铅作用下增塑剂的皮肤生物可及性和经皮渗透性。本研究在人工汗液和 SSSM（合成汗液和皮脂混合物）中检测了玩具中包括邻苯二甲酸酯类和替代增塑剂在内的增塑剂的皮肤生物可及性，并在单独接触增塑剂或联合接触增塑剂（增塑剂 + 铅）的条件下通过皮肤细胞检测了增塑剂的经皮渗透性。结果表明，SSSM 中增塑剂的皮肤生物可及性高于人工汗液中的可及性。在所有增塑剂中，DEHP（邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己酯））的生物可及性最高；在所有替代增塑剂中，DEHT（对苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己酯））的生物可及性最高。选择 DEHP 和 DEHT 进行细胞吸收试验。皮肤细胞吸收试验表明，MEHP（邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己酯））是 DEHP 的主要代谢物，DEHP 的吸收率高于 DEHT。与单独接触塑化剂相比，在混合接触条件下，皮肤细胞对 DEHP 和 DEHT 的吸收率分别增加了 12.40% 至 14.63% 和 8.35% 至 9.84%。风险评估显示，玩具中的塑化剂不会对儿童造成不可接受的风险，但在混合接触条件下，玩具中的塑化剂对儿童健康造成的风险会比单独接触条件下高 1.5 至 2 倍。

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来源期刊

Emerging Contaminants Medicine-Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

CiteScore

10.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Emerging Contaminants is an outlet for world-leading research addressing problems associated with environmental contamination caused by emerging contaminants and their solutions. Emerging contaminants are defined as chemicals that are not currently (or have been only recently) regulated and about which there exist concerns regarding their impact on human or ecological health. Examples of emerging contaminants include disinfection by-products, pharmaceutical and personal care products, persistent organic chemicals, and mercury etc. as well as their degradation products. We encourage papers addressing science that facilitates greater understanding of the nature, extent, and impacts of the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment; technology that exploits original principles to reduce and control their environmental presence; as well as the development, implementation and efficacy of national and international policies to protect human health and the environment from emerging contaminants.