Levels, distribution profiles and risk assessment of chlorinated organophosphate esters in car and road dust from Basrah, Iraq

IF 5.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Emerging Contaminants Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI:10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100435

Layla Salih Al-Omran , Banan Baqer Hashim , William A. Stubbings , Stuart Harrad

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The occurrence, concentrations, and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters (Cl-OPEs) were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah, southern Iraq. In addition, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via dust ingestion were assessed for toddlers, regular adults, and taxi drivers. In car dust samples, the concentrations of Σ₃Cl-OPEs ranged from 4120 to 73200 ng/g (median 11700 ng/g) with tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) the predominant compound. In road dust samples, the concentrations of Σ₃Cl-OPEs ranged from 269 to 3400 ng/g (median 373 ng/g) and 114–526 ng/g (median 222 ng/g) in urban and rural areas, respectively, with tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), predominant. Concentrations of Cl-OPEs in urban road dust are significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in rural road dust, suggesting commercial and industrial activity, population density, and heavy traffic may influence the concentrations. The different compositional profiles of Cl-OPEs in car and road dust may be attributed to the physicochemical properties of Cl-OPEs and the pathways through which they can be released into indoor and outdoor environments. EDI values of Cl-OPEs for the Iraqi population via car dust ingestion were in the order: toddlers > taxi drivers > regular adults, exceeding those via road dust by factors of 27 and 40 from urban and rural dust, respectively. For people who work as taxi drivers, EDIs were seven times higher than those of regular adults, implying that people - such as professional drivers - who spend a substantial amount of time in their vehicles may be exposed to hazardous levels of Cl-OPEs. Despite the study showing that the EDIs through dust ingestion for the three population groups were well below the reference dose (RfD) levels, further studies are recommended to assess other pathways, such as inhalation, dietary sources, and dermal absorption.

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伊拉克巴士拉汽车和道路尘埃中氯化有机磷酸酯的含量、分布概况和风险评估

研究人员调查了从伊拉克南部巴士拉采集的 71 份汽车和道路灰尘样本中氯化有机磷酸酯（Cl-OPEs）的出现、浓度和分布概况。此外，还评估了幼儿、普通成年人和出租车司机通过灰尘摄入的估计日摄入量（EDI）。在汽车灰尘样本中，Σ3Cl-OPEs 的浓度介于 4120 至 73200 纳克/克（中位数为 11700 纳克/克）之间，其中三（1,3-二氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TDCIPP）是最主要的化合物。在道路扬尘样本中，城市和农村地区的 Σ3Cl-OPEs 浓度分别为 269 至 3400 纳克/克（中位数为 373 纳克/克）和 114 至 526 纳克/克（中位数为 222 纳克/克），其中以磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯（TCIPP）为主。城市道路尘埃中的 Cl-OPEs 浓度明显高于农村道路尘埃（P < 0.05），这表明工商业活动、人口密度和繁忙的交通可能会影响其浓度。汽车和道路扬尘中 Cl-OPEs 的不同组成特征可能是由于 Cl-OPEs 的物理化学特性及其释放到室内和室外环境中的途径造成的。伊拉克人通过汽车灰尘摄入 Cl-OPEs 的 EDI 值依次为：幼儿、出租车司机和普通成年人，分别比通过道路灰尘摄入的城市和农村灰尘的 EDI 值高出 27 倍和 40 倍。出租车司机的 EDI 值是普通成年人的 7 倍，这意味着职业司机等长时间呆在车内的人可能会接触到有害水平的 Cl-OPE。尽管研究显示，三个人群通过摄入灰尘摄入的 EDI 远远低于参考剂量 (RfD) 水平，但仍建议开展进一步研究，以评估其他途径，如吸入、膳食来源和皮肤吸收。

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来源期刊

Emerging Contaminants Medicine-Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

CiteScore

10.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Emerging Contaminants is an outlet for world-leading research addressing problems associated with environmental contamination caused by emerging contaminants and their solutions. Emerging contaminants are defined as chemicals that are not currently (or have been only recently) regulated and about which there exist concerns regarding their impact on human or ecological health. Examples of emerging contaminants include disinfection by-products, pharmaceutical and personal care products, persistent organic chemicals, and mercury etc. as well as their degradation products. We encourage papers addressing science that facilitates greater understanding of the nature, extent, and impacts of the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment; technology that exploits original principles to reduce and control their environmental presence; as well as the development, implementation and efficacy of national and international policies to protect human health and the environment from emerging contaminants.