Analyzing the structural elements, ecological characteristics, and impact assessment of local green infrastructure in the coastal zone of Estonia

Abstract

The aim of this study was to address the gaps in understanding and managing the resilience and connectivity of coastal Green Infrastructure (GI) in Estonia, particularly in response to increasing human-related pressures and natural changes.

By using the GUIDOS Toolbox for morphological spatial pattern analysis, the study offers a detailed mapping of the structural patterns of GI across the Estonian coast. The findings highlight significant variations in forest cover, land abandonment, and the spread of impervious surfaces, showing how these changes contribute to the fragmentation of GI.

Our analysis revealed that the Northeast region suffers from severe fragmentation due to extensive industrial activities, whereas the Southwest is predominantly impacted by intensive agriculture, leading to reduced habitat connectivity. Despite having extensive protected areas, the Western Coast displayed large levels of fragmentation, primarily driven by unmanaged land abandonment and encroachment expansion. Specifically, the fragmentation index was highest in the industrialized Northeast and lowest in less developed areas, albeit still significant due to localized human activities. These findings highlight the importance of targeted GI planning that integrates ecological, socio-economic, and spatial dimensions to minimize fragmentation, enhance ecological corridors, and promote sustainable land-use practices. Strategic planning must also account for potential climate change impacts to ensure the resilience and adaptability of GI networks, securing ecosystem services and supporting both ecological and human communities.