Microwave-assisted biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil: Exploring the potential of carob pod-derived solid base catalyst

IF 7.2 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Fuel Processing Technology Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI:10.1016/j.fuproc.2024.108161

Babatunde Oladipo, Sisipho Qasana, Sibabalwe C. Zini, Ntokozo Menemene, Tunde V. Ojumu

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Abstract

This work examined the potency of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) pod as a heterogeneous base catalyst for converting waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel via a microwave irradiation system. The optimal calcination for the catalyst synthesis was achieved at 500 °C for 4 h. Various analytical techniques were employed to investigate the properties of the developed catalyst. The results indicate that the catalyst primarily consists of mesoporous particles abundant in potassium, with medium to strong basic sites, which are crucial for its catalytic function. WCO underwent pretreatment with H₂SO₄ before being converted to biodiesel. Optimum conditions for the biodiesel production were a methanol-to-WCO molar ratio of 9.87, 1.00 wt% catalyst dosage, 3.03 min reaction time, 450 rpm stirring speed, and 600 W microwave power, yielding 98.20 ± 0.81 wt% biodiesel. The low specific energy consumption value of 0.91 kWh/kg and specific CO₂ emission of 0.73 kg/kg of biodiesel suggest the effective utilization of microwave energy in driving the transesterification reaction and in promoting a reduction in carbon footprint, respectively. The synthesized catalyst remained effective up to the 5th production cycle and the biodiesel produced met established specifications. The results of this study show that carob pod is a suitable candidate to be included in the database of biobased catalysts currently being developed for heterogeneous catalysis of cost-effective biodiesel production.

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利用废弃食用油进行微波辅助生物柴油合成：探索角豆树豆荚衍生固体基础催化剂的潜力

这项研究考察了角豆树（Ceratonia siliqua）豆荚作为一种异相基础催化剂，通过微波辐照系统将废弃食用油（WCO）转化为生物柴油的有效性。催化剂合成的最佳煅烧温度为 500 摄氏度，煅烧时间为 4 小时。结果表明，催化剂主要由富含钾的介孔颗粒组成，具有中强碱性位点，这对其催化功能至关重要。在将 WCO 转化为生物柴油之前，先用 H2SO4 进行预处理。生产生物柴油的最佳条件是甲醇与 WCO 的摩尔比为 9.87，催化剂用量为 1.00 wt%，反应时间为 3.03 分钟，搅拌速度为 450 rpm，微波功率为 600 W，生物柴油的产量为 98.20 ± 0.81 wt%。生物柴油的具体能耗值为 0.91 千瓦时/千克，具体二氧化碳排放量为 0.73 千克/千克，这表明微波能在驱动酯交换反应和减少碳足迹方面发挥了有效作用。合成的催化剂直到第 5 个生产周期仍然有效，生产的生物柴油也符合既定规格。这项研究的结果表明，角豆树荚是一种合适的候选催化剂，可纳入目前正在开发的生物基催化剂数据库，用于经济高效地生产生物柴油的异构催化。

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来源期刊

Fuel Processing Technology 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

13.20

自引率

9.30%

发文量

398

审稿时长

26 days

期刊介绍： Fuel Processing Technology (FPT) deals with the scientific and technological aspects of converting fossil and renewable resources to clean fuels, value-added chemicals, fuel-related advanced carbon materials and by-products. In addition to the traditional non-nuclear fossil fuels, biomass and wastes, papers on the integration of renewables such as solar and wind energy and energy storage into the fuel processing processes, as well as papers on the production and conversion of non-carbon-containing fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, are also welcome. While chemical conversion is emphasized, papers on advanced physical conversion processes are also considered for publication in FPT. Papers on the fundamental aspects of fuel structure and properties will also be considered.