Graphene functionalized nano-encapsulated composite phase change material based nanofluid for battery cooling: An experimental investigation

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124893

S. Sainudeen Shijina, S. Akbar, V. Sajith

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Abstract

The graphene-nano encapsulated composite phase change material (GnePCM) based nanofluid holds great potential as a coolant for batteries in electric vehicles. The current work focuses on the synthesis and study of the cooling performance of GnePCM-based nanofluid. Few layered graphene (FLG) was synthesized via the liquid phase exfoliation method. Mini-emulsion polymerization was adopted to encapsulate composite PCM (octadecane: paraffin wax) within polystyrene shell and distribute these nanoballs across the graphene flakes of FLG to obtain GnePCM. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to optimize the composition of composite PCM based on the melting range and latent heat. GnePCM was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), DSC, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy. Nanofluid was made by mixing GnePCM slurry with the base fluid (ethylene glycol − water mixture) and its thermo-physical properties were estimated. The analysis of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity showed a 14.7 % and 56 % increase for the nanofluid compared to the base fluid. The optimal concentration of nanofluid for maximum stability was 10 % v/v based on zeta potential measurements. The heat transfer studies and pressure drop studies were conducted on a set of 10 cylindrical heaters, mimicking a 18,650 battery cell pack. The nanofluid could potentially achieve a maximum reduction of 5 °C in average surface temperatures of the cells as compared to the base fluid. The enhanced cooling efficiency of nanofluid could be related to the increased thermal conductivity and heat capacity of GnePCM, as well as the absorption of latent heat during its melting process. Enhancement in heat transfer parameters was found to be more prominent at lower flow rates for the nanofluids. The results reveal that the flow rate and power input play a significant role in the cooling performance of the nanofluid. Due to the increased viscosity of the nanofluid, a slight increase in the pressure drop and pumping power was observed at higher flow rates, as compared to base fluid.

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用于电池冷却的石墨烯功能化纳米封装复合相变材料纳米流体：实验研究

基于石墨烯纳米封装复合相变材料（GnePCM）的纳米流体作为电动汽车电池的冷却剂具有巨大潜力。当前工作的重点是合成和研究基于 GnePCM 的纳米流体的冷却性能。通过液相剥离法合成了少层石墨烯（FLG）。采用微型乳液聚合法将复合 PCM（十八烷：石蜡）封装在聚苯乙烯外壳中，并将这些纳米球分布在 FLG 的石墨烯薄片上，从而得到 GnePCM。差示扫描量热法（DSC）用于根据熔化范围和潜热优化复合 PCM 的成分。扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM)、差示扫描量热仪 (DSC)、傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 和拉曼光谱对 GnePCM 进行了表征。纳米流体是通过将 GnePCM 浆料与基础流体（乙二醇-水混合物）混合制成的，并对其热物理性质进行了评估。热导率和比热容分析表明，与基础流体相比，纳米流体的热导率和比热容分别提高了 14.7% 和 56%。根据 zeta 电位测量结果，纳米流体达到最大稳定性的最佳浓度为 10 % v/v。传热研究和压降研究是在一组 10 个圆柱形加热器上进行的，模拟了 18650 个电池组。与基础流体相比，纳米流体可使电池的平均表面温度最高降低 5 °C。纳米流体冷却效率的提高可能与 GnePCM 导热性和热容量的提高以及在熔化过程中吸收潜热有关。研究发现，纳米流体在流速较低时传热参数的提高更为显著。结果表明，流速和输入功率对纳米流体的冷却性能起着重要作用。由于纳米流体的粘度增加，与基础流体相比，在较高的流速下，压降和泵功率略有增加。

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来源期刊

Applied Thermal Engineering 工程技术-工程：机械

CiteScore

11.30

自引率

15.60%

发文量

1474

审稿时长

57 days

期刊介绍： Applied Thermal Engineering disseminates novel research related to the design, development and demonstration of components, devices, equipment, technologies and systems involving thermal processes for the production, storage, utilization and conservation of energy, with a focus on engineering application. The journal publishes high-quality and high-impact Original Research Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Letters to the Editor on cutting-edge innovations in research, and recent advances or issues of interest to the thermal engineering community.