Analysis of large-scale (1GW) off-grid agrivoltaic solar farm for hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicle (HFCEV) charging station

IF 9.9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119184

Jack Baker, Mustafa Guler, Acquilin Medonna, Ziliang Li, Aritra Ghosh

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Abstract

The tendency towards solar energy is increasing daily due to the high increase in net energy demand and recent efforts to reduce high carbon emissions. This causes invasions of agricultural lands and forest areas. Photovoltaic (PV) systems combined with agricultural production (agrivoltaics) are being developed as a potential solution.

In addition to creating extra areas for solar energy, agrivoltaic systems can increase land equivalent ratios. This leads to higher efficiency land use and additional income for farmers and entrepreneurs. Therefore, agrivoltaic systems have the potential to make the food and energy supply chain sustainable. Although both systems have many advantages, few projects have been done to use the land under ground-mounted PV systems. In addition, thanks to the development of Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle (HPV) technologies, studies to meet the need for Hydrogen from these combined systems will significantly impact the development of such projects in the future.

As a result, this project designed and simulated a 1GW off-grid combined crop (tomatoes) and solar farm (agrivoltaic farm) for Australia, California, China, Nigeria and Spain. The hydrogen generation potential was found and compared with five different refuelling patterns for HPV. Furthermore, five levels of hydrogen storage were investigated to find optimal site configurations for each location. Following this, thorough financial analyses were completed for each of the 125 unique site configurations. This analysis found that the Nigerian site location had the highest number of HPV refuelling at 3.75 million per year, assuming 8 kg of hydrogen is required per refuelling. The Spanish site location had the least, at 3.11 million per year. The optimal level of hydrogen storage, with regard to financial viability, was when the number of cars refuelled was 90 % of the maximum refuelling potential of the site configuration. The levelised cost of hydrogen ranged from £3.06/kg (Nigeria) to £6.38 (Spain), consistent with IEA estimates for low-carbon green hydrogen. The financial analyses also demonstrated the necessity of both hydrogen and crop incomes to be financially sound for the overall project to be financially viable.

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用于氢动力燃料电池电动汽车（HFCEV）充电站的大规模（1GW）离网农业光伏太阳能发电场分析

由于净能源需求的高增长和最近为减少高碳排放所做的努力，太阳能的使用趋势与日俱增。这就造成了对农田和林区的侵占。光伏（PV）系统与农业生产相结合（农业光伏）是一个潜在的解决方案。这将提高土地使用效率，为农民和企业家带来额外收入。因此，农业光伏系统具有使粮食和能源供应链可持续发展的潜力。虽然这两种系统都有很多优点，但很少有项目利用地面光伏系统下的土地。此外，由于氢动力汽车（HPV）技术的发展，为满足这些组合系统对氢的需求而进行的研究将对未来此类项目的发展产生重大影响。因此，本项目为澳大利亚、加利福尼亚、中国、尼日利亚和西班牙设计并模拟了一个 1GW 离网作物（番茄）和太阳能组合农场（农业光伏农场）。发现了氢气产生的潜力，并与 HPV 的五种不同加氢模式进行了比较。此外，还研究了五种级别的氢储存，以找到每个地点的最佳地点配置。随后，对 125 个独特的地点配置进行了全面的财务分析。分析发现，假设每次加氢需要 8 千克氢气，尼日利亚地点的 HPV 加氢次数最多，每年达 375 万次。西班牙的地点最少，每年 311 万次。就财务可行性而言，最佳储氢水平是当加氢汽车数量占场地配置最大加氢潜力的 90% 时。氢气的平准化成本从每公斤 3.06 英镑（尼日利亚）到 6.38 英镑（西班牙）不等，与国际能源机构对低碳绿色氢气的估算一致。财务分析还表明，要使整个项目在财务上可行，氢气和作物收入都必须在财务上稳健。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Energy Conversion and Management 工程技术-力学

CiteScore

19.00

自引率

11.50%

发文量

1304

审稿时长

17 days

期刊介绍： The journal Energy Conversion and Management provides a forum for publishing original contributions and comprehensive technical review articles of interdisciplinary and original research on all important energy topics. The topics considered include energy generation, utilization, conversion, storage, transmission, conservation, management and sustainability. These topics typically involve various types of energy such as mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, electromagnetic, magnetic and electric. These energy types cover all known energy resources, including renewable resources (e.g., solar, bio, hydro, wind, geothermal and ocean energy), fossil fuels and nuclear resources.