Green Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from clematis gouriana leaf extract: Physicochemical characterization and antibacterial activity determination for treatment of blood stream infections

The Microbe Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI:10.1016/j.microb.2024.100197

Vinayak Yadav , Sunil T. Galatage , Arehalli S. Manjappa , Ahmad Salawi , Malleswara Rao Peram , Sameer J. Nadaf , Swapnil S. Harale

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Abstract

Background

The global incidence of bloodstream infections (BSIs) is rising, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic strategies to achieve complete eradication. This study focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalized with Clematis gouriana extract (CG) (CG-AgNPs) as a potential alternative to conventional treatments for combating BSIs caused by bacterial pathogens.

Methods

AgNPs were synthesized by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO₃) using CG extract. The formation of CG-AgNPs was confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy, while their characterization included the determination of mean particle size and zeta potential. Elemental composition was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The in vitro antibacterial efficacy of CG-AgNPs was assessed through multiple assays, including a time-kill assay, a film bioadhesion assay, and measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.

Results

SPR (surface plasmon resonance) has been employed to validate the development of AgNPs by observing a colour shift to dark brown. The mean particle size and zeta potential of the CG-AgNPs were found to be 38 ± 2 nm (PDI 0.104 ± 0.03) and −31.2 ± 1.4 mV, respectively. Additionally, E-XRD results show that the prepared AgNPs comply with the silver presence. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the CG-AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were observed to be 6.25 ± 0.8 µg/mL and 13.5 ± 2.4 µg/mL, respectively.Similarly, the MIC and MBC of CG-AgNPs against Escherichia coli (E. coli) were found to be 13.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL and 26 ± 2.8 μg/mL, respectively. CG-AgNPs also prevented biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion in a dose-dependent manner; 100 % inhibition was achieved in 48 h at MBC. In addition, CG-AgNPs remarkably escalated the ROS level within cells, indicating their mechanism of antimicarobial activity.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrate that CG-AgNPs synthesized via green synthesis exhibit significant antibacterial activity, highlighting their potential as an effective alternative for the treatment of BSIs. However, further in vivo studies are required to optimize a suitable dosage form and validate their therapeutic efficacy against bacterial infections in clinical settings.

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从铁线莲叶提取物中绿色合成银纳米粒子：用于治疗血流感染的理化表征和抗菌活性测定

背景全球血流感染（BSI）发病率不断上升，因此有必要开发有效的治疗策略以实现彻底根除。本研究的重点是用铁线莲提取物（CG）合成功能化银纳米粒子（AgNPs）（CG-AgNPs），以替代传统疗法来对抗细菌病原体引起的 BSI。通过紫外可见光谱确认了 CG-AgNPs 的形成，其表征包括平均粒径和 zeta 电位的测定。使用能量色散 X 射线（EDX）光谱分析了元素组成。通过多种检测方法评估了 CG-AgNPs 的体外抗菌功效，包括时间杀伤检测、薄膜生物粘附检测和活性氧 (ROS) 生成测量。发现 CG-AgNPs 的平均粒径和 zeta 电位分别为 38 ± 2 nm（PDI 0.104 ± 0.03）和 -31.2 ± 1.4 mV。此外，E-XRD 结果表明制备的 AgNPs 符合银的存在。据观察，CG-AgNPs 对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）分别为 6.25 ± 0.8 µg/mL 和 13.同样，CG-AgNPs 对大肠杆菌（E. coli）的 MIC 和 MBC 分别为 13.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL 和 26 ± 2.8 μg/mL。CG-AgNPs 还能以剂量依赖的方式阻止生物膜的形成和细菌的粘附；在 MBC 条件下，48 小时内可达到 100% 的抑制率。此外，CG-AgNPs 还能显著提高细胞内的 ROS 水平，表明了其抗菌活性机制。不过，还需要进一步的体内研究来优化合适的剂型，并验证其在临床环境中对细菌感染的疗效。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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The Microbe

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