Self-sufficiency of the European Union in critical raw materials for E-mobility

IF 11.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Resources Conservation and Recycling Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108009

Maarten Koese , Michael Parzer , Benjamin Sprecher , René Kleijn

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Abstract

Widespread adoption of electric vehicles poses challenges due to critical raw material (CRM) requirements. The European Union (EU) is now dependent on other countries for supply of these materials, but wants to increase self-sufficiency for primary extraction to 10 % in 2030. Here we map and quantify Europe's raw material reserves and resources, revealing promising deposits for most minerals. Our analysis indicates that, assuming a high development scenario, for lithium, nickel and copper the planned extraction in Europe is sufficient to meet at least 10 % ofdemand for E-mobility in 2030, as the EU's proposed target dictates. The projected extraction of cobalt, natural graphite and REE, will probably not reach 10 % of the demand in 2030. For REE there is no European production projected. To meet these targets and increase the EU's self-sufficiency, CRM extraction in Europe needs to increase, in parallel with implementing circular economy efforts to reduce material demand.

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欧盟实现电动汽车关键原材料的自给自足

电动汽车的广泛采用对关键原材料（CRM）的要求提出了挑战。欧盟（EU）目前依赖其他国家供应这些材料，但希望在 2030 年将初级开采的自给率提高到 10%。我们在此绘制并量化了欧洲的原材料储量和资源，揭示了大多数矿产的潜在矿藏。我们的分析表明，假设开发程度较高，欧洲计划开采的锂、镍和铜足以满足欧盟提出的 2030 年电动汽车至少 10% 的需求目标。钴、天然石墨和稀土元素的预计开采量可能达不到 2030 年需求量的 10%。至于稀土元素，预计欧洲不会生产。为了实现这些目标并提高欧盟的自给自足能力，欧洲需要增加 CRM 开采量，同时实施循环经济，以减少材料需求。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Resources Conservation and Recycling 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

22.90

自引率

6.10%

发文量

625

审稿时长

23 days

期刊介绍： The journal Resources, Conservation & Recycling welcomes contributions from research, which consider sustainable management and conservation of resources. The journal prioritizes understanding the transformation processes crucial for transitioning toward more sustainable production and consumption systems. It highlights technological, economic, institutional, and policy aspects related to specific resource management practices such as conservation, recycling, and resource substitution, as well as broader strategies like improving resource productivity and restructuring production and consumption patterns. Contributions may address regional, national, or international scales and can range from individual resources or technologies to entire sectors or systems. Authors are encouraged to explore scientific and methodological issues alongside practical, environmental, and economic implications. However, manuscripts focusing solely on laboratory experiments without discussing their broader implications will not be considered for publication in the journal.