Characterization and mid-infrared laser operation in Er:CaF2 single crystal fiber grown by the laser heated pedestal growth method

IF 1.7 4区材料科学 Q3 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Journal of Crystal Growth Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2024.127991

Xu Wu, Zhen Zhang, Yunfei Wang, Shaochen Liu, Zhonghan Zhang, Liangbi Su, Anhua Wu

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Abstract

Er:CaF₂ crystal, characterized by low doping and high efficiency, is a suitable material for single-crystal fiber (SCF). 3 at.% Er:CaF₂ SCFs were grown using the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method. Significant oxidation-induced whitening phenomena were observed during growth. Increasing the growth rate helped mitigate further deterioration due to oxidation. This is likely because higher growth speeds allow the SCF to quickly move away from temperature ranges conducive to oxidation. As oxidation progressed, the phonon energy of 3 at.% Er:CaF₂ SCF increased, causing the emission intensity at ∼ 1 μm to decrease from 77 % in the initial source rod to 6 % in the fully whitened state. Additionally, the lifetime of the ⁴I_11/2 level decreased by approximately 10 times, from 8.988 ms to 0.822 ms. Continuous laser output at ∼ 2.8 μm was achieved using the transparent portion of 3 at.% Er:CaF₂ SCF. With an output mirror transmission of 2 %, a maximum output power of 251 mW and a slope efficiency of 15.9 % were obtained. The laser experiment demonstrated the potential application of LHPG-grown Er:CaF₂ SCF in ∼ 2.8 μm lasers, but further performance enhancement requires additional strategies to address oxidation issues. This work provides valuable insights into the growth of Er:CaF₂ SCF using the LHPG method.

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用激光加热基座生长法生长的 Er:CaF2 单晶光纤的特性和中红外激光器工作原理

Er:CaF2 晶体具有低掺杂和高效率的特点，是一种适用于单晶光纤（SCF）的材料。利用激光加热基座生长（LHPG）法生长出了 3 at.% 的 Er:CaF2 SCF。在生长过程中观察到了明显的氧化引起的白化现象。提高生长速度有助于缓解氧化引起的进一步恶化。这可能是因为较高的生长速度能使 SCF 快速脱离有利于氧化的温度范围。随着氧化的进行，3 at.% Er:CaF2 SCF 的声子能量增加，导致 1 μm 处的发射强度从初始源棒的 77% 下降到完全白化状态的 6%。此外，4I11/2 水平的寿命降低了约 10 倍，从 8.988 毫秒降至 0.822 毫秒。利用 3 at.% Er:CaF2 SCF 的透明部分实现了 ∼ 2.8 μm 的连续激光输出。输出镜透射率为 2%，最大输出功率为 251 mW，斜率效率为 15.9%。该激光实验证明了 LHPG 生长的 Er:CaF2 SCF 在 2.8 μm ∼ 激光器中的潜在应用，但要进一步提高性能，还需要采取其他策略来解决氧化问题。这项工作为使用 LHPG 方法生长 Er:CaF2 SCF 提供了宝贵的见解。

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来源期刊

Journal of Crystal Growth 化学-晶体学

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

11.10%

发文量

373

审稿时长

65 days

期刊介绍： The journal offers a common reference and publication source for workers engaged in research on the experimental and theoretical aspects of crystal growth and its applications, e.g. in devices. Experimental and theoretical contributions are published in the following fields: theory of nucleation and growth, molecular kinetics and transport phenomena, crystallization in viscous media such as polymers and glasses; crystal growth of metals, minerals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetics, inorganic, organic and biological substances in bulk or as thin films; molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, growth of III-V and II-VI and other semiconductors; characterization of single crystals by physical and chemical methods; apparatus, instrumentation and techniques for crystal growth, and purification methods; multilayer heterostructures and their characterisation with an emphasis on crystal growth and epitaxial aspects of electronic materials. A special feature of the journal is the periodic inclusion of proceedings of symposia and conferences on relevant aspects of crystal growth.