Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and application in agriculture

Roohallah Saberi Riseh , Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
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Abstract

Nanotechnology holds significant promise for transforming the agricultural industry by enhancing efficiency and yield through the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles represents an innovative and environmentally friendly approach in agriculture that enhances crop yield and quality. Unlike traditional physical and chemical methods, which are costly and produce harmful by-products, green synthesis uses biological agents like plants, fungi, and bacteria, making the process more sustainable and cost-effective. Bacterial cells demonstrate superior efficiency in the green synthesis of nanoparticles compared to plant cells. Their effectiveness is attributed to their unique morphological features, surface structures, and the presence of exopolysaccharides, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and various functional groups (such as carboxyl, phosphate, and amide). Interaction between bacterial cells and nanotechnology presents a promising approach for advancing smart agriculture by enhancing soil fertility, plant protection, and nanoparticle synthesis efficiency. By entering the structure of a living organism as an external factor, nanoparticles can cause extensive changes in the physiology and function of the cell. Therefore, the presence of a biological mediating agent with potential mechanisms capable of reducing the negative effects of nanoparticles can increase their efficacy as a long-term factor and reduce concerns about the harmful effects of nanoparticles on nature and living cells. By activating the pathways of NADPH, glutathione, and biofilm formation, this living agent first moderates the harmful effects of nanoparticles and acts as a filter, then provides them for the cell as a healthy biological-nanotechnological agent through a process known as green synthesis. Integration of nanoparticles and PGPR offers a novel and efficient approach to increasing plant productivity and sustainability in agriculture.
利用植物生长促进根瘤菌绿色合成金属纳米颗粒及其在农业中的应用
纳米技术通过在纳米尺度上操纵材料来提高效率和产量,为农业产业的转型带来了巨大希望。金属纳米粒子的绿色合成是一种创新的环保型农业方法,可提高作物产量和质量。传统的物理和化学方法成本高昂且会产生有害的副产品,而绿色合成则不同,它使用植物、真菌和细菌等生物制剂,使整个过程更具可持续性和成本效益。与植物细胞相比,细菌细胞在纳米粒子的绿色合成中表现出更高的效率。细菌细胞的高效性归功于其独特的形态特征、表面结构以及外多糖、糖、蛋白质、酶和各种功能基团(如羧基、磷酸基和酰胺基)的存在。细菌细胞与纳米技术之间的相互作用为提高土壤肥力、植物保护和纳米粒子合成效率,从而推动智能农业的发展提供了一种前景广阔的方法。纳米粒子作为外部因素进入生物体结构后,可引起细胞生理和功能的广泛变化。因此,如果存在一种具有潜在机制、能够减少纳米粒子负面影响的生物调解剂,就可以提高纳米粒子作为长期因素的功效,减少人们对纳米粒子对自然界和活细胞有害影响的担忧。通过激活 NADPH、谷胱甘肽和生物膜形成的途径,这种生物制剂首先可以缓和纳米微粒的有害影响并起到过滤器的作用,然后通过一种被称为绿色合成的过程,作为一种健康的生物纳米技术制剂为细胞提供纳米微粒。纳米颗粒与 PGPR 的结合为提高植物生产力和农业的可持续性提供了一种新颖、高效的方法。
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