Evaluating direct use fertilizer potential of hydrothermal liquefaction solid mineral products: Integrating anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.014

Kamaldeep Sharma, Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, Thomas Helmer Pedersen

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture is vital for reducing reliance on harmful chemical fertilizers and ensuring environmental and economic stability. Integrating Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) with anaerobic digestion (AD) can improve biomass efficiency and recovery of both energy (liquid fuels) and valuable nutrients, essential for achieving circular bioeconomy. Biogas digestate is rich in nutrients, and the HTL process can concentrate these nutrients in the solid phase, making the resulting product well-suited for agricultural applications. In this study, HTL solids were produced from biogas digestate using a continuous bench-scale HTL pilot plant to assess their potential as direct-use fertilizers. The optimal conditions for keeping contaminants within allowable limits in mineral products were identified by testing various reaction temperatures, with and without the use of a catalyst. The elemental composition of mineral products (2179 and 2181) showed high carbon varying from 51.61 and 48.41 wt%, phosphorus varying from 3.46 to 3.07 wt% and sufficient nitrogen contents varying from 1.19 to 1.13 wt%. Furthermore, carbon stability of 2179 and 2181 was measured to be 1.2 and 0.3, respectively, which indicated good quality of HTL mineral products. Organic contaminants and heavy metals in HTL mineral products obtained after biocrude recirculation cycles using the HTL pilot plant were found to be close to or below the allowed limits set by Danish legislation. Avoidance (EC50 1.62 %) and seed germination (EC50 21.37 %) tests of the mineral product indicated a moderate level of biotoxicity and a substantial plant growth stimulation potential. A maximum amount of 39 kg/ha for 2179 and 55 kg/ha for 2181 is suitable for field use without harming soil organisms. The phosphates recovery from mineral products into phosphorus-based fertilizers like struvite and hydroxyapatite using mild acids and bases as leaching agents showed around 90 % phosphates recovery and 70 % bioavailability. The synthesized fertilizers were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Overall, HTL mineral products present a sustainable alternative for enhancing soil fertility, reducing reliance on harmful chemical fertilizers, and supporting both environmental and economic stability, thereby contributing to a circular economy.

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评估热液液化固体矿产品直接用作肥料的潜力：将厌氧消化和热液液化结合起来。

可持续农业对于减少对有害化肥的依赖、确保环境和经济稳定至关重要。将水热液化（HTL）与厌氧消化（AD）相结合，可以提高生物质的利用率，并同时回收能源（液体燃料）和宝贵的营养物质，这对实现循环生物经济至关重要。沼气沼渣中含有丰富的营养物质，而 HTL 工艺可以将这些营养物质浓缩在固相中，使生成的产品非常适合农业应用。在这项研究中，我们使用一个连续的台式 HTL 试验工厂从沼气沼渣中生产 HTL 固体，以评估其作为直接使用肥料的潜力。通过测试使用和不使用催化剂的各种反应温度，确定了将矿物产品中的污染物控制在允许范围内的最佳条件。矿物产品（2179 和 2181）的元素组成显示，碳含量较高，分别为 51.61 和 48.41 wt%，磷含量为 3.46 至 3.07 wt%，氮含量充足，分别为 1.19 至 1.13 wt%。此外，经测量，2 179 和 2181 的碳稳定性分别为 1.2 和 0.3，这表明 HTL 矿产品的质量良好。使用 HTL 试验工厂进行生物原油再循环后获得的 HTL 矿物产品中的有机污染物和重金属含量接近或低于丹麦法律规定的允许限值。对矿产品进行的回避（EC50 1.62 %）和种子发芽（EC50 21.37 %）测试表明，其生物毒性水平适中，对植物生长有很大的促进作用。2179 和 2181 的最大用量分别为 39 千克/公顷和 55 千克/公顷，适合在田间使用，不会对土壤生物造成危害。使用弱酸和弱碱作为浸出剂，将磷酸盐从矿产品中回收到磷基肥料（如硬石膏和羟基磷灰石）中，结果显示磷酸盐回收率约为 90%，生物利用率为 70%。利用 X 射线衍射（XRD）光谱对合成的肥料进行了表征。总之，HTL 矿物产品为提高土壤肥力、减少对有害化肥的依赖、支持环境和经济稳定提供了一种可持续的替代方法，从而为循环经济做出了贡献。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Waste management 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

15.60

自引率

6.20%

发文量

492

审稿时长

39 days

期刊介绍： Waste Management is devoted to the presentation and discussion of information on solid wastes,it covers the entire lifecycle of solid. wastes. Scope: Addresses solid wastes in both industrialized and economically developing countries Covers various types of solid wastes, including: Municipal (e.g., residential, institutional, commercial, light industrial) Agricultural Special (e.g., C and D, healthcare, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge)