Plasmon–Exciton–Polariton Condensation in Organic Semiconductor-Covered Plasmonic Lattices

Abstract

Exciton–polariton condensates featuring collective coherence and large nonlinearities are promising for advancing coherent light sources and functional devices. Nevertheless, their reliance on planar cavities with large lateral device footprints and mode volumes hinders device integration. Plasmon–exciton–polaritons (PEPs), arising from the strong coupling between excitons and plasmons, provide an intriguing platform to explore emergent polariton condensation at the nanoscale due to their ultrasmall mode volumes in metal nanoparticles. However, the substantial radiative and Ohmic losses in metals hamper PEPs condensation, particularly in the short wavelength range (<600 nm). Here, a method is proposed to address metal losses by integrating organic semiconductor neat films onto plasmonic lattices. The use of organic semiconductors with large transition dipole moment and low non-radiation loss enables efficient coupling between massive excitons and lattice plasmons, leading to high-density PEPs. This ensures a macroscopic number of polaritons populating the low-lying band edge at relatively low fluences to obtain bosonic stimulation, resulting in PEP condensation. By tailoring the band structures of plasmonic lattices, the condensation of PEPs are further manipulated into different energy states. These findings offer valuable insights for the design of PEP systems and all-optical polaritonic devices.