Occurrence, migration, and assessment of human health and ecological risks of PFASs and EDCs in groundwater of Northeast China

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2024.122810

Jiaxun Jiang, Dongmei Han, Yi Xiao, Xianfang Song

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Abstract

Northeast China as an important base of grain production in China, has been suffering from potential groundwater pollution due to the excessive and prolonged application of fertilizers and pesticides. However, exploration of emerging contaminants pollution in groundwater and assessment of human health and ecological risks caused by large-scale agricultural activities have been relatively scarce. This study collected groundwater samples from typical agricultural areas in Northeast China to investigate the extent of contamination by nitrate, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), and then compared the levels of these pollutants with those in other regions of China. Groundwater nitrate pollution caused by strong agricultural activity is widespread in Northeast China, with nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L in as many as 40.3% of 429 samples. 8 types of PFASs (3.7-7.1 ng/L) and 11 types of EDCs (18114.0-62029.8 ng/L) were detected in the collected groundwater samples. Using the Risk Quotient (RQ) method, this study assessed ecological risk and found that the risk level of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was higher than that of other PFASs. The groundwater EDCs risks in Northeast China was higher compared to other regions in China, with dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Bisphenol A (BPA) having high ecological risk levels. Nitrate, PFASs and EDCs have been detected in deep groundwater (70-100 m depth), indicating that the deeper aquifers could be significantly threatened by pollutants due to human activities. Fertilizers, pesticides, domestic wastewater, and industrial discharges are major sources of groundwater pollutants in the agricultural regions. Industrial-sourced EDCs were widely detected in groundwater of agricultural area, suggesting that the transport of these pollutants is very active in groundwater system. Groundwater monitoring and pollution prevention are extremely urgent, especially for emerging contaminants. This study can provide important warnings and water resource management references for other agricultural areas affected by intensively agricultural activities in the world.

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东北地区地下水中 PFASs 和 EDCs 的存在、迁移及其对人类健康和生态环境的风险评估

东北地区作为中国重要的粮食生产基地，由于长期过量施用化肥和农药，地下水一直受到潜在的污染。然而，对大规模农业活动造成的地下水新污染物污染的探索以及对人类健康和生态风险的评估却相对较少。本研究采集了中国东北典型农业区的地下水样本，调查了硝酸盐、全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）以及内分泌干扰化合物（EDCs）的污染程度，并将这些污染物的含量与中国其他地区进行了比较。在中国东北地区，强烈的农业活动造成的地下水硝酸盐污染非常普遍，429 个样本中有 40.3% 的硝态氮（NO3-N）浓度超过 10 mg/L。采集的地下水样品中检测到 8 种 PFASs（3.7-7.1 ng/L）和 11 种 EDCs（18114.0-62029.8 ng/L）。本研究采用风险商数（RQ）法评估了生态风险，发现全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的风险水平高于其他全氟辛烷磺酸类物质。东北地区地下水 EDCs 生态风险高于其他地区，其中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、双酚 A（BPA）的生态风险水平较高。在深层地下水（70-100 米深）中检测到了硝酸盐、全氟辛烷磺酸（PFAS）和二氯乙烷（EDC），这表明深层含水层可能受到人类活动造成的污染物的严重威胁。化肥、农药、生活废水和工业废水是农业区地下水污染物的主要来源。在农业区的地下水中广泛检测到工业来源的 EDCs，这表明这些污染物在地下水系统中的迁移非常活跃。地下水监测和污染防治工作迫在眉睫，尤其是针对新出现的污染物。这项研究可为世界上其他受密集农业活动影响的农业区提供重要的警示和水资源管理参考。

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来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.