The molecular mechanisms of steroid hormone effects on cognitive function

Abstract

Objective

There is a lack of information on the molecular mechanisms by which steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone) regulate cognitive impairment. Thus, we aimed to identify the protective effects of steroid hormones on cognitive function.

Methods

We analyzed the literature on the molecular mechanisms, biological activities, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of steroid hormones.

Results

Steroid hormones can protect against cognitive impairment by regulating key genes (INS, TNF, STAT3, ESR1). Specific microRNAs, namely hsa-miR-335-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, and hsa-miR-26b-5p, along with transcription factors NFKB1, PPARG, NR3C1, GATA2, EGR1, ATF3, and CEBPA, play a significant role in this protective mechanism. The involvement in cognitive processes, regulation of phosphorylation, neuronal apoptosis, and signaling pathways related to Alzheimer's disease significantly influence the protein-protein interaction network underlying these effects. Additionally, steroid hormones exhibit anti-hypercholesterolemic properties, anti-inflammatory activity, antitoxic properties, and function as inhibitors of acetylcholine neuromuscular transmission. They also hold promise as therapeutic agents for the treatment of dementia. Promising therapeutic interventions for cognitive impairment include the use of miRNA sponges targeting hsa-miR-16-5p, along with the administration of capsaicin, minocycline, dopamine, sertraline, and minaprine. The gut microbiota species Lactobacillus amylovorus, Paraprevotella clara, Libanicoccus massiliensis, Prevotella oris, Turicibacter sanguinis, and Dubosiella newyorkensis were identified as significant contributors to cognitive impairment and altered levels of steroid hormones.

Conclusion

Steroid hormones are promising compounds for improving cognitive function. Further research is needed to validate these findings through focused investigations into apoptosis, regulation of neuronal cell death, miRNA sponges, interactions with gut microbiota, and the potential efficacy of pharmaceutical agents.