Assessing Best Practices in Natural Gas Production and Emerging CO2 Capture Techniques to Minimize the Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation

Abstract

Natural gas (NG) is expected to provide a substantial portion of electricity generation in many jurisdictions for the foreseeable future. Postcombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) effectively abates direct CO₂ emissions; however, indirect NG supply chain emissions in most jurisdictions are incompatible with climate change mitigation goals. This life cycle assessment evaluates specific opportunities to reduce the carbon footprint of combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) generation with CCS using existing low-emission NG production practices, technologies, and processes combined with emerging CCS techniques to achieve high CO₂ capture rates and mitigate startup emissions. We find baseload life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity ranges from 22 to 62 kgCO₂e/MWh for 95–98.5% CO₂ capture, within the range of published estimates for wind and photovoltaic power and considerably below prior estimates of CCGT with CCS. Low-emission NG production practices reduce other environmental impacts, which are dominated by combustion-related air pollution. We also show how interim solvent storage can effectively mitigate emissions from CCGT start/stop cycles. This work highlights the importance of mitigating both CO₂ and methane emissions from NG supply chains and proposes a more nuanced discussion regarding the potential contribution of NG to the future energy supply. A surrogate model is provided to estimate life cycle GHG emissions for CCGT with CCS and user-input parameters.