Azole Derivatives: Cutting-Edge Agents in Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Monocyclic 5-membered heterocycles including imidazoles, thiazoles, oxazoles, and their related compounds have gained significant attention in medicinal chemistry because of their potent anticancerous activity. These small heterocyclic molecules possess versatile properties, including biological activity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and chemical diversity that give them immense potential as anticancer agents. It is also a fact that inherent characteristic of azoles to combine with many biological molecules through hydrogen bond, stacking, and hydrophobic interaction makes them effective against almost all cancer types. In the present paper the author discusses the way which is connected with chemical structure of monocyclic azoles and their anticancer activity namely the ability of these compounds to intercalate with DNA, to inhibit some enzymes and to interfere cellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, several azole derivatives have been seen to be effective in preclinical efficacy studies as well as in clinical trials and are considered to be potent in overcoming the problem of resistance and side effects of the common anticancer agents. As the synthetic chemistry progresses, the structural system of the azoles has diversified and development in the pharmacology has become more specific. This has helped in enhancing the formation of new molecules in the azole class with improved selectivity and efficacy. Furthermore, the comprehensive review explains how computational chemistry and structure-activity relationship (SAR) approaches are applied to the design of future-generation azole compounds. In light of these facts, this article is designed to give a broad overview of the current state of monocyclic azole-based anticancer agents in an attempt to further assert its therapeutic promise and spur further attempts at infusing the said agents into the cancer therapeutics fray. The discoveries made in this study may allow the development the radical different therapeutic approaches, which could lead to improved and targeted treatment of cancer.