Antarctic sea ice multidecadal variability triggered by Southern Annular Mode and deep convection

IF 8.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Yushi Morioka, Syukuro Manabe, Liping Zhang, Thomas L. Delworth, William Cooke, Masami Nonaka, Swadhin K. Behera
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Abstract

Antarctic sea ice exerts great influence on Earth’s climate by controlling the exchange of heat, momentum, freshwater, and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Antarctic sea ice extent has undergone a multidecadal slight increase followed by a substantial decline since 2016. Here we utilize a 300-yr sea ice data assimilation reconstruction and two NOAA/GFDL and five CMIP6 model simulations to demonstrate a multidecadal variability of Antarctic sea ice extent. Stronger westerlies associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) enhance the upwelling of warm and saline water from the subsurface ocean. The consequent salinity increase weakens the upper-ocean stratification, induces deep convection, and in turn brings more subsurface warm and saline water to the surface. This salinity-convection feedback triggered by the SAM provides favorable conditions for multidecadal sea ice decrease. Processes acting in reverse are found to cause sea ice increase, although it evolves slower than sea ice decrease. Multidecadal Antarctic sea ice anomalies are preceded by wind anomalies associated with the Southern Annular Mode which may induce upwelling and melting, according to a combined approach using prolonged sea ice reconstructions and coupled model simulations

Abstract Image

由南环模和深层对流引发的南极海冰十年多变性
南极海冰通过控制大气与海洋之间的热量、动量、淡水和气体交换,对地球气候产生巨大影响。自 2016 年以来,南极海冰范围经历了一个多十年的小幅增长,随后出现大幅下降。在此,我们利用 300 年的海冰数据同化重建以及两个 NOAA/GFDL 和五个 CMIP6 模型模拟来证明南极海冰范围的多年代变化。与南方环流模式(SAM)相关的较强西风增强了表层下海洋暖咸水的上涌。随之而来的盐度增加削弱了上层海洋的分层,诱发了深层对流,进而将更多的次表层暖咸水带到海面。这种由 SAM 引发的盐度-对流反馈为多年代海冰减少提供了有利条件。研究发现,反向作用过程会导致海冰增加,尽管海冰增加的速度比海冰减少的速度慢。根据使用长期海冰重建和耦合模式模拟的综合方法,南极多年海冰异常之前会出现与南环流模式相关的风异常,这可能会引起上升流和融化。
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来源期刊
Communications Earth & Environment
Communications Earth & Environment Earth and Planetary Sciences-General Earth and Planetary Sciences
CiteScore
8.60
自引率
2.50%
发文量
269
审稿时长
26 weeks
期刊介绍: Communications Earth & Environment is an open access journal from Nature Portfolio publishing high-quality research, reviews and commentary in all areas of the Earth, environmental and planetary sciences. Research papers published by the journal represent significant advances that bring new insight to a specialized area in Earth science, planetary science or environmental science. Communications Earth & Environment has a 2-year impact factor of 7.9 (2022 Journal Citation Reports®). Articles published in the journal in 2022 were downloaded 1,412,858 times. Median time from submission to the first editorial decision is 8 days.
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