Roland M Klar, James C Cox, Claire J Houchen, Naren Raja, Houssam Bouloussa, Stefan Lohfeld
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Polymeric biodegradable microspheres are readily utilized to support targeted drug delivery for various diseases clinically. 3D printed tissue engineering scaffolds from polymer filaments with embedded microspheres or nanoparticles, as well as bulk microsphere scaffolds, have been investigated for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, 3D printed scaffolds consisting only of a homogenous microsphere size with an optimized architecture that includes a unique micro- and macroporosity, have been challenging to produce and hence, have not been assessed in the literature yet. Utilizing our recently established 3D-MultiCompositional Microsphere-Adaptive Printing (3D-McMap) method, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of 3D-printed poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere scaffolds, consisting of microsphere sizes 50, 100, or 200 μm, on the induction of bone formation when implanted in the calvarial murine regeneration model. Our results showed that PLGA microsphere scaffolds possess unique properties that support bone regeneration by supporting osteoconduction and stimulating, in our opinion, true spontaneous osteoinduction. The study demonstrated that PLGA microsphere-based scaffolds support bone growth in the absence of additional growth factors and promote osteogenesis primarily via their unique geometric configuration. The larger the microspheres were, the greater de novo bone formation was. This proves that bone tissue engineering scaffolds 3D printed from microspheres, enabled by the 3D-McMap method, are superior over bulk material printed scaffolds, as they possess the unique capability of spontaneous induction of new bone formation. With the addition of encapsulated modulatory bone-forming biomolecules they can substantially improve the spatiotemporal control of tissue morphogenesis, potentially leading to new innovative clinical tissue repair therapies that regenerate bone in large defects correctly and fully.
期刊介绍：
The translation of new discoveries in medicine to clinical routine has never been easy. During the second half of the last century, thanks to the progress in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology, we have seen the development and the application of a large number of drugs and devices aimed at the treatment of symptoms, blocking unwanted pathways and, in the case of infectious diseases, fighting the micro-organisms responsible. However, we are facing, today, a dramatic change in the therapeutic approach to pathologies and diseases. Indeed, the challenge of the present and the next decade is to fully restore the physiological status of the diseased organism and to completely regenerate tissue and organs when they are so seriously affected that treatments cannot be limited to the repression of symptoms or to the repair of damage. This is being made possible thanks to the major developments made in basic cell and molecular biology, including stem cell science, growth factor delivery, gene isolation and transfection, the advances in bioengineering and nanotechnology, including development of new biomaterials, biofabrication technologies and use of bioreactors, and the big improvements in diagnostic tools and imaging of cells, tissues and organs.
In today`s world, an enhancement of communication between multidisciplinary experts, together with the promotion of joint projects and close collaborations among scientists, engineers, industry people, regulatory agencies and physicians are absolute requirements for the success of any attempt to develop and clinically apply a new biological therapy or an innovative device involving the collective use of biomaterials, cells and/or bioactive molecules. “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology” aspires to be a forum for all people involved in the process by bridging the gap too often existing between a discovery in the basic sciences and its clinical application.
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