Prostatic Artery Embolization: Mid- to Long-Term Outcomes in 1,075 Patients

Abstract

Purpose

To assess the mid- to long-term safety and effectiveness of prostatic artery embolization (PAE) at a single-center cohort of 1,075 patients.

Materials and Methods

This institutional review board–approved retrospective study included patients with moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or urinary retention who underwent PAE from January 2014 to July 2023. Patients were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after PAE and yearly thereafter. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) score, International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume (PV), postvoid residual, benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) medication usage, urinary catheter status, and further prostatic interventions were assessed. Adverse events were recorded and classified using the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) adverse events (AEs) severity classification.

Results

The mean follow-up was 458.4 days (SD ± 559.5). The mean age was 70.4 years (SD ± 9.0), the median (interquartile range) PV was 107 g (76–150 g), and the median preprocedural IPSS, QoL, and IIEF-5 scores and PSA level were 23 (18–28), 5 (4–6), 17 (10–21), and 4.7 ng/mL (2.6–8), respectively. In the LUTS subgroup, at 1–3, 6–12, and 48–60 months, the median IPSS values were 7 (4–12, P < .001), 6 (3–11, P < .001), and 9 (4–15, P < .001), respectively. The QoL scores at the same time points were 2 (1–2, P < .001), 1 (0–2, P < .001), 2 (0–3, P < .001), respectively. Of 126 patients in the retention cohort, 119 (94%) were catheter-free at the 3-month follow-up. Ninety-patients (16% of reintervention eligible patients) required a second prostatic intervention up to 60 months after PAE. After PAE, 65.5% of patients were BPO medication–free at 1 year. Seven patients (0.65%) had severe AEs according to the SIR AE severity classification: (a) transient ischemic attacks, 3; (b) urosepsis, 2 (treated in the inpatient setting with intravenous antibiotics); and (c) prostate sloughing, 2 (needing transurethral resection of the prostate). All AEs resolved without permanent sequelae.

Conclusions

In a large cohort with long-term longitudinal follow-up, PAE showed significant, sustained long-term relief of LUTS, improved QoL, low reintervention rate, and high BPO medication–free rates. Ninety-four percent of catheter-dependent patients at baseline were catheter-free at 3 months.