'Can do' versus 'Do do' in nursing home residents: identification of contextual factors discriminating groups with aligned or misaligned physical activity and physical capacity.

Abstract

Background: Physical activity (PA) is fundamental to nursing home residents' health. Likewise, physical capacity (PC) is essential to carry out activities of daily living. Although PC and PA are associated, misalignment has been reported in specific subgroups. Increased PC is oftentimes not linked to high PA (i.e., Can do - don't do) and vice versa (i.e., Can't do - do do). Therefore, identifying other contextual factors influencing PA in misaligned groups is important. This study aimed to identify contextual factors in nursing home residents with aligned or misaligned PA and PC.

Methods: In total, 180 nursing home residents (≥ 65 years, 79.4% females) were divided into four quadrants (Q1: Can do - do do; Q2: Can do - don't do; Q3: Can't do - do do; Q4: Can't do - don't do) based on thresholds for PA (≥ or < 2,500 steps/day) and PC (≤ or > 0.5 m/s gait speed). Kruskal-Wallis H test and effect sizes (ES) were applied to analyze quadrants' differences regarding PA (steps per day), objective motor capacity, life-space mobility, activities of daily living (ADL), psychosocial well-being, cognition, subjective mobility-related concerns, and spatial orientation.

Results: Specific contextual factors differed significantly between the groups. Compared to Q1, Q2 presents a significantly lower life-space mobility (ES: 0.35) and objective motor capacity (ES: 0-36-0.49); Q3 has a lower objective motor capacity (ES: 0.55-1.10); Q4 shows lower independence in ADL (ES: 0.57), life-space mobility (ES: 0.48), subjective mobility-related concerns (ES: 0.38) and objective motor capacity (ES: 0.99-1.08). No significant group differences were found for psychosocial well-being, cognition, and spatial orientation.

Conclusions: This study provides new insights into PA behavior of nursing home residents. Key variables linked to PA are objective motor capacity, life-space mobility, ADL, and subjective mobility-related concerns. Surprisingly, some potentially impactful variables such as cognition, orientation, and psychosocial well-being did not differ between the groups. This may suggest that these variables may not represent key targets for interventions aiming to improve PA. This study builds the foundation for further research into the underlying mechanisms behind PA behaviors and supports future efforts to plan specific, targeted interventions for nursing home residents.

Trial registration: The trial was prospectively registered at DRKS.de with registration number DRKS00021423 on April 16, 2020.