Notoginsenoside R1-Protocatechuic aldehyde reduces vascular inflammation and calcification through increasing the release of nitric oxide to inhibit TGFβR1-YAP/TAZ pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract

Vascular calcification is a significant factor contributing to the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, ultimately leading to cardiovascular disease. However, no effective treatments are currently available to slow the progression of vascular calcification. Notoginsenoside R1 (R1) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PCAD), primary active components extracted from Panax notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge, have shown potential in mitigating endothelial injury and atherosclerosis. This study investigated the effects of R1-PCAD on nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells (ECs) and its role in counteracting vascular calcification and inflammation. Additionally, it explored the mechanisms underlying these effects. To simulate atherosclerotic calcification, apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice were fed a high-fat diet and given intraperitoneal injections of vitamin D3. Treatment with the R1-PCAD combination improved endothelial function, reduced inflammation in the aorta, and lowered calcium deposition. Mechanistically, R1-PCAD enhanced eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation by activating the AMPKα/Akt pathway, which stimulated NO production and eNOS activation in ECs. In an in vitro co-culture model involving vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and ECs, R1-PCAD similarly reduced inflammation and calcification in VSMCs triggered by β-glycerophosphate, with these effects partially dependent on NO levels and EC functionality. Further investigation revealed that R1-PCAD facilitated NO release from ECs, which subsequently inhibited TGFβR1 activation in VSMCs. This inhibition reduced Smad2/3 activation and nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ, thereby diminishing inflammation and calcification in VSMCs. These findings suggest that R1-PCAD alleviates vascular inflammation and calcification primarily via the NO-TGFβR1-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. This study presents a promising new approach for treating vascular calcification by targeting intercellular signaling pathways.