Direct aqueous injection LC−ESI-MS/MS analysis for the determination of 23 EU watch list substances in whole water samples

Abstract

The Watch List (WL) monitoring program in the European Union (EU) aims to identify and prioritize emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment that may pose risks to human health and the environment. Thus, reliable methods are needed to determine these substances. This study presents the development of a simple, fast, and green method for analysing 23 WL substances (4 antibiotics, 9 azole compounds, 6 other pesticides, and 4 sunscreens), covering a range of medium to very low polarity (log K_ow 2.2–6.9), in whole environmental water samples using direct aqueous injection (DAI) in combination with liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS). To process the samples, 0.5 mL of acetonitrile is added to 1 mL of raw water, followed by brief shaking. The mixture is then centrifuged to remove sedimented suspended solids before being injected into the LC instrument. A rigorous analytical greenness metric for sample preparation (AGREEprep) assigned this procedure a green score of 0.61. The method showed satisfactory performance characteristics for all analytes under investigation, including limits of quantification meeting the WL requirements, recoveries in the range of 79–120%, and intra-day precision with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.9–20%. The method is suitable for screening and monitoring purposes, as confirmed by the analysis of real samples.