Circulation process of methyl ester production from pretreated sludge palm oil using CaO/ABS catalytic static mixer coupled with an ultrasonic clamp

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107138

Kritsakon Pongraktham, Krit Somnuk

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Abstract

This study investigates the potential of fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques for manufacturing catalytic static mixers during biodiesel synthesis. The printed catalytic mixing elements comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic with 15 wt% calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid catalyst. When the reactants flowed through the CaO/ABS mixing device, the blending and acceleration processes were both significantly impacted. Moreover, their characteristics, performance in biodiesel production, reusability, and economy were analyzed. The effects of methanol to oil (M:O) molar ratio, circulation time, and sonication time on methyl ester (ME) purity were also examined. The results showed that CaO crystals were distributed on the CaO/ABS mixer’s surface, which is crucial for catalytic purposes. During circulation process of ME from pretreated sludge palm oil (PSPO), catalytic static mixer (CSM) and CSM coupled with ultrasound (CSM/US) reactors were employed. The full ultrasonic power of CSM/US reactor of 16 × 400 W (total 6400 W) was operated at 20 kHz frequency. Moreover, the continuous and pulse ultrasonic modes of CSM/US reactor were compared to determine the ME purity and electricity consumption for ME production. For the CSM reactor, 12:1 M:O molar ratio and 8.5 h circulation time were recommended to realize 94.2 wt% ME purity. For the CSM/US reactor, 12:1 M:O molar ratio and 2.25 h circulation time were recommended to achieve 96.5 wt% ME purity. Under the pulsed mode operation, ME purity of 95.09 wt% was achieved, with a reduction in electricity consumption by approximately 37.6 % compared to continuous mode operation. Furthermore, the CaO/ABS catalytic static mixer was determined to be reusable for up to three cycles in both CSM and CSM/US reactors. Thus, CaO/ABS catalytic static mixers assure high purity ME production through FDM 3D printing technology with a CaO solid catalyst.

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使用 CaO/ABS 催化静态混合器和超声波夹钳从预处理过的污泥棕榈油中生产甲酯的循环过程。

本研究探讨了熔融沉积建模（FDM）三维（3D）打印技术在生物柴油合成过程中制造催化静态混合器的潜力。打印出的催化混合元件由丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）塑料和 15 wt%的氧化钙（CaO）作为固体催化剂组成。当反应物流经 CaO/ABS 混合装置时，混合和加速过程都受到了显著影响。此外，还分析了它们的特性、在生物柴油生产中的性能、可重复使用性和经济性。还考察了甲醇与油（M:O）摩尔比、循环时间和超声时间对甲酯（ME）纯度的影响。结果表明，CaO 晶体分布在 CaO/ABS 混合器的表面，这对催化作用至关重要。在从预处理污泥棕榈油（PSPO）中提取甲基丙烯酸酯（ME）的循环过程中，采用了催化静态混合器（CSM）和CSM与超声波耦合反应器（CSM/US）。CSM/US 反应器的全超声功率为 16 × 400 W（总功率为 6400 W），频率为 20 kHz。此外，还对 CSM/US 反应器的连续和脉冲超声模式进行了比较，以确定 ME 的纯度和生产 ME 的耗电量。对于 CSM 反应器，建议采用 12:1 的 M:O 摩尔比和 8.5 小时的循环时间，以实现 94.2 wt%的 ME 纯度。对于 CSM/US 反应器，建议采用 12:1 的 M:O 摩尔比和 2.25 小时的循环时间，以实现 96.5 wt%的 ME 纯度。在脉冲运行模式下，ME 纯度达到 95.09 wt%，与连续运行模式相比，耗电量减少了约 37.6%。此外，还确定 CaO/ABS 催化静态混合器可在 CSM 和 CSM/US 反应器中重复使用长达三个周期。因此，CaO/ABS 催化静态混合器通过 FDM 3D 打印技术和 CaO 固体催化剂确保了高纯度 ME 的生产。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

15.80

自引率

11.90%

发文量

361

审稿时长

59 days

期刊介绍： Ultrasonics Sonochemistry stands as a premier international journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality research articles primarily focusing on chemical reactions and reactors induced by ultrasonic waves, known as sonochemistry. Beyond chemical reactions, the journal also welcomes contributions related to cavitation-induced events and processing, including sonoluminescence, and the transformation of materials on chemical, physical, and biological levels. Since its inception in 1994, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry has consistently maintained a top ranking in the "Acoustics" category, reflecting its esteemed reputation in the field. The journal publishes exceptional papers covering various areas of ultrasonics and sonochemistry. Its contributions are highly regarded by both academia and industry stakeholders, demonstrating its relevance and impact in advancing research and innovation.