Engineered Biomimetic Cancer Cell Membrane Nanosystems Trigger Gas-Immunometabolic Therapy for Spinal-Metastasized Tumors

Abstract

Despite great progress in enhancing tumor immunogenicity, conventional gas therapy cannot effectively reverse the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME), limiting immunotherapy. The development of therapeutic gases that are tumor microenvironment responsive and efficiently reverse the TIME for precisely targeted tumor gas-immunometabolic therapy remains a great challenge. In this study, a novel cancer cell membrane-encapsulated pH-responsive nitric oxide (NO)-releasing biomimetic nanosystem (MP@AL) is prepared. Lactate oxidase (Lox) in MP@AL consumed oxygen to promote the decomposition of lactate, a metabolic by-product of tumor glycolysis, and the generation of H₂O₂, while L-arginine (L-Arg) in MP@AL is oxidized by H₂O₂ to generate nitric oxide (NO). For one thing, NO led to mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells to reduce oxygen consumption and promote the efficiency of Lox in lactate decomposition, thus reversing lactate-induced TIME; for another, NO effectively triggered immunogenic cell death, activated anti-tumor immune response and long-term immune memory, and ensured a favorable effect in the synergistic interaction with PD-L1 antibody for inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence. Therefore, a novel gas-immunometabolic therapy dual closed-loop nanosystem for enhancing tumor immunogenicity and remodeling lactate-induced TIME is established. Overall, this work will provide new ideas for gas therapy to effectively remodel the TIME to enhance cancer immunotherapy.