Magnesium ferrites and their composites based photocatalysts: Synthesis approaches, effect of doping, and operational parameters on photocatalytic performance for wastewater remediation

Abstract

In recent years, increased discharge of toxic effluents into water bodies has severely harmed ecosystems and human well-being. Various techniques are employed to remove contaminants, among which photocatalysis have proven to be the most environment friendly and effective technique. This review focuses on MgFe₂O₄, an exceptional photocatalyst owing to their small band gap, spherical shape, magnetic responsivity, stability, reusability, cost-effectiveness and small crystallite size. We have covered comprehensive comparison of research studies from the past decade to assess. Magnesium ferrite's photocatalytic potential in pure, doped, and composite forms. Along with synthesis methods, degradation mechanisms, and shortcomings explained in detail. Furthermore, we have highlighted the enhanced photocatalytic capability of doped MgFe₂O₄ and their nanocomposites towards the various organic contaminants upon visible light irradiation under a comparatively short period of time. Factors like cation distribution, dosage, pH, as well as methods for recovery and reuse are discussed to aid in production of more efficient photocatalysts. There has been a lack of information on the techniques that can be used to overcome the various shortcomings of MgFe₂O₄ ferrite. Hence, we have accentuated on bringing forth such advanced techniques that would aid in driving the researchers’ attention towards the practical and industrial application of the hybrid MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. Lastly, the research gaps and industrial need of MgFe₂O₄ ferrite-based materials were addressed to offer a concise view.