Facile Approach for Fabricating Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) can be produced using a variety of methods, such as different fabrication methods, device layout modification, and ingredients and interfaces engineering. The efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is largely dependent on the overall quality of the perovskite thin-film in every scenario. The utilization of spin-coating followed by antisolvent pouring (ASP) method is prevalent in nearly all fabrication techniques to attain a superior perovskite thin-films. Nevertheless, there are a few guidelines that must be followed precisely when using ASP approach, including antisolvent amount, duration, and the area for dropping. The aforementioned challenging and necessary strategies frequently result in perovskite thin-films with pinholes, tiny grains, and broad grain boundaries, which impair the performance of PSCs. Therefore, the implementation of a straightforward approach that does not require the use of such complex ASP steps is crucial. Here, we employ a simple process that involves the hot-dipping of lead iodide (PbI2) thin-films in a hot solution of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and formamidinium iodide (FAI) in isopropanol (IPA) to produce high-quality perovskite thin-films. As the time required for the desired perovskite to crystallize is critical, we carefully examined the various hot-dipping process times, such as 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, and 40 seconds. These time intervals yielded thin-films, which were named PSK-10, PSK-20, PSK-30, and PSK-40, respectively. Morphological and optoelectronic characterization demonstrated the high quality of the perovskite thin-films obtained through dipping PbI2 for 30 seconds. Consequently, PSK-30-based PSCs produced higher PCEs up to 21.52% compared to the ASP-based devices (20.79%). Furthermore, the unsealed PSCs prepared with PSK-30 and ASP were assessed for 252 hours at 25℃ and 40-45% relative humidity in order to determine their operational stability. The ASP-based device demonstrated poor stability, maintaining only 10% of the original PCE, whereas the PSK-30-based device retained 70% of its initial PCE. These results offer a new and viable approach to producing highly efficient and stable PSCs.