Effects of urinary organophosphate flame retardants in susceptibility to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children

IF 6.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Liang-Jen Wang , How-Ran Chao , Chih-Cheng Chen , Ching-Me Chen , Huey-Ling You , Ching-Chang Tsai , Ching-Shu Tsai , Wen-Jiun Chou , Chia-Jung Li , Kai Fan Tsai , Fu-Jen Cheng , Chia-Te Kung , Shau-Hsuan Li , Chin-Chou Wang , Yu-Che Ou , Wen-Chin Lee , Wan-Ting Huang
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Abstract

Our previous studies have revealed a correlation between urinary phthalates (PAE) metabolites and parabens and PM2.5 exposure and susceptibility to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children. Our goal was to examine the relationships between urinary organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and their metabolites and the susceptibility to ADHD in the same cohort of children. We recruited 186 school children, including 132 with ADHD and 54 normal controls, living in southern Taiwan to investigate five OPFRs (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate (TDCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)) and five OPFR metabolites (bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), bis(2-chloroethyl) hydrogen phosphate (BCEP), di-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (DBEP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP)) in urine. ADHD patients’ behavioral symptoms and neuropsychological function were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Version IV Scale (SNAP-IV) and the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (Conners CPT3), respectively. BCEP was predominant among urinary OPFRs and the metabolites in both the ADHD and control groups. ADHD children had significantly higher levels of urinary BDCPP, BCEP, DBEP, DPHP, TCEP, TBEP, TNBP, TPHP, and Σ10OPFR compared to the controls. After controlling for age, gender, body mass index, PM2.5 exposure scenarios, and urinary phthalate metabolites, parabens, bisphenol-A and creatinine, levels of urinary BDCPP, TDCPP, and TBEP in ADHD children showed significant and dose-dependent effects on core behavioral symptoms of inattention. DNBP levels were positively correlated with neuropsychological deficits (CPT detectability, omission, and commission), while urinary DPHP in ADHD children were negatively related to CPT detectability and commission. Hyperactivity and impulsivity were not correlated with urinary OPFRs and their metabolites in ADHD children. In conclusion, the ADHD symptom of inattention and CPT performance may be closely associated with certain urinary OPFRs and their metabolites, independent of urinary PAE metabolites, parabens, and bisphenol-A in school-age-ADHD children.
尿液中有机磷阻燃剂对学龄儿童注意力缺陷/多动症易感性的影响
我们之前的研究发现,尿液中的邻苯二甲酸盐(PAE)代谢物和对羟基苯甲酸酯与学龄儿童接触 PM2.5 和易患注意力缺陷/多动症(ADHD)之间存在相关性。我们的目标是研究尿液中有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)及其代谢物与同一批儿童多动症易感性之间的关系。我们招募了居住在台湾南部的 186 名学龄儿童,包括 132 名多动症患者和 54 名正常对照者,调查了五种 OPFRs(1,3-二氯-2-丙基磷酸酯(TDCPP)、磷酸三正丁酯(TnBP)、磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)、磷酸三(2-丁氧基乙基)酯(TBEP)、和磷酸三苯酯 (TPHP))以及尿液中的五种 OPFR 代谢物(磷酸二(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯 (BDCPP)、磷酸二正丁酯 (DNBP)、磷酸二(2-氯乙基)氢酯 (BCEP)、磷酸二(2-丁氧基乙基)酯 (DBEP) 和磷酸二苯酯 (DPHP))。多动症患者的行为症状和神经心理功能分别由斯旺森、诺兰和佩勒姆第四版量表(SNAP-IV)和康纳斯连续表现测试第三版(Conners' Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition,CPT3)进行评估。在多动症组和对照组的尿液 OPFRs 和代谢物中,BCEP 均占主导地位。与对照组相比,多动症儿童尿中BDCPP、BCEP、DBEP、DPHP、TCEP、TBEP、TNBP、TPHP和Σ10OPFR的含量明显更高。在控制了年龄、性别、体重指数、PM2.5 暴露情景以及尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物、对羟基苯甲酸酯、双酚 A 和肌酐之后,多动症儿童尿液中的 BDCPP、TDCPP 和 TBEP 水平对注意力不集中的核心行为症状有显著的剂量依赖性影响。DNBP 水平与神经心理学缺陷(CPT 检测能力、遗漏和犯错)呈正相关,而多动症儿童尿液中的 DPHP 与 CPT 检测能力和犯错呈负相关。多动和冲动与多动症儿童尿中 OPFRs 及其代谢物无关。总之,在学龄ADHD儿童中,注意力不集中的ADHD症状和CPT表现可能与某些尿液中的OPFRs及其代谢物密切相关,而与尿液中的PAE代谢物、对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚A无关。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
12.10
自引率
5.90%
发文量
1234
审稿时长
88 days
期刊介绍: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety is a multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on understanding the exposure and effects of environmental contamination on organisms including human health. The scope of the journal covers three main themes. The topics within these themes, indicated below, include (but are not limited to) the following: Ecotoxicology、Environmental Chemistry、Environmental Safety etc.
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