Fabrication of patterned TiO2 nanotube layers utilizing a 3D printer platform and their electrochromic properties

Abstract

Anodization enables nano-structure fabrication through electrochemical parameter control. While various approaches exist for creating localized or patterned oxide layers, many are complex and time-consuming. This study adopted a commercial 3D printer for high-speed (1 mm/s) anodization, forming TiO₂ nanotube layers on Ti substrates in G-code-designed patterns. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, SEM, XPS, and simulated electric field distribution analysis revealed well-defined nanostructures and provided insights into the formation mechanism. Furthermore, viologen-anchored TiO₂ showed significantly improved electrochromic performance compared to pristine TiO₂, with a higher reflectance difference (46.2% vs. 6.85%). This 3D printing-anodization hybrid method offers a rapid approach to fabricating patterned TiO₂ nanostructures, showing promise for electrochromic devices with enhanced optical modulation capabilities.