Single Amine or Guanidine Modification on Norvancomycin and Vancomycin to Overcome Multidrug-Resistance through Augmented Lipid II Binding and Increased Membrane Activity

Abstract

Vancomycin and norvancomycin have diminished antibacterial efficacy due to acquired or intrinsic resistance from mutations in the terminal dipeptide of lipid II in Gram-positive bacteria or failure to penetrate into the periplasm in Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of vancomycin analogues bearing single amine or guanidine functionality, altering various linkers and modification sites, to combat the resistance. Extensive antibacterial screening was performed to delineate a comprehensive SAR. Many derivatives revitalized the activity in vitro, exhibiting a 4–128-fold or 2–16-fold enhancement against the acquired or intrinsic resistance with lower toxicity. Significantly, the optimal compound 4g demonstrated greater pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Further studies uncovered additional independent and synergistic mechanisms for 4g, including the enhanced membrane activity and augmented inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis via increased lipid II binding, highlighting its potential as a future lead candidate to replenish the glycopeptide antibiotic arsenal.