Understanding the role of chain stiffness in the mechanical response of cross-linked polymer: Flexible vs. semi-flexible chains

Abstract

Cross-linked polymers are widely used in structural, engineering, and biomedical applications due to their lightweight and superior properties. Although chain bending stiffness has been recognized to play an essential role in their thermodynamical and mechanical properties, how it influences these properties of cross-linked polymers with flexible or semi-flexible chains remains under debate. Here, we systematically explore its influences utilizing coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a bead-spring CG model. It is found that with chain bending stiffness increasing, both density and elastic moduli (i.e., shear modulus and tensile modulus) of cross-linked polymers first decrease slightly and then decrease significantly followed by a gradual increase, along with the polymer transition from a dense cross-linked thermoset to a highly porous fibrous network. The moduli of cross-linked polymers with flexible and semi-flexible chains exhibit distinct scaling laws with the density. For cross-linked polymers with flexible chains, their moduli increase significantly with increasing strain rate, which correlates to the change in potential energy of interchain interaction during deformation. However, the moduli display slight dependence on strain rate for porous cross-linked polymers with sufficiently stiff chains, where the intrachain interactions (i.e., bond stretching and angle bending energies) become dominant and independent of strain rate. Moreover, the elastic moduli exhibit scaling laws with Debye-Waller factor for both dense cross-linked thermosets with flexible chains and highly porous networks with stiff backbones. Our work facilitates a better understanding for mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of cross-linked polymers with variable chain bending stiffness at molecular level, shedding light on tailoring mechanical properties of cross-linked polymers via chain engineering.