Insight into the Efficient Selective Reduction of Cr(VI) in Sulfite/UV Process under Near-Neutral Conditions: The Critical Role of In Situ-Generated Sulfite Radical

Abstract

Efficient removal of contaminants in complex water matrices under mild conditions is highly desirable but still challenging. In this study, we unraveled the overlooked but crucial role of sulfite radical (SO₃^·–) in the efficient selective reduction of toxic Cr(VI) under near-neutral conditions. Fast removal of Cr(VI) at around pH 7 in sulfite/UV was found to be attributable to high reactivity of SO₃^·– toward HCrO₄^– (∼5.3 × 10⁶ M^–1 s^–1). Furthermore, SO₃^·– was fast generated in situ via one-electron oxidation of S(IV) by transient reactive protonated Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates. Therefore, the specific reactivity of SO₃^·– and its in situ generation together resulted in the surprisingly positive effect of nitrate and the efficient reduction of Cr(VI) in authentic surface water and industrial wastewater. A mathematical model was developed to simulate Cr(VI) removal in the process, and thus quantitatively demonstrated the roles of reactive species, i.e., SO₃^·– contributed to ∼93% of Cr(VI) reduction in surface water. Overall, this study provides an insight into the pivotal role of SO₃^·– in Cr(VI) reduction, and underscores its significance in selective reduction and detoxification of contaminants.