Development of graphitic and non-graphitic carbons using different grade biopitch sources

IF 10.5 2区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Carbon Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119770

Bindu Antil , Yaseen Elkasabi , Gary D. Strahan , Randy L. Vander Wal

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Abstract

The growing demand for bio-renewable alternatives to fossil fuels in the production of sustainable carbon materials, aimed at reducing environmental impact, is crucial for advancing a greener future. This research explores an innovative approach for producing biopitches from bio-oils, which are subsequently utilized as a sustainable precursor for developing advanced graphitic carbons (GC) and non-graphitic carbons (NGC) through carbonization and graphitization processes. The study emphasizes the impact of the chemical composition of bio-oils and biopitches, including heteroatom structures, aromatic/aliphatic ratio, and oxygen content with oxygen-bearing functional groups, on the production of GC and NGC. The research also examines their structural parameters at various heating temperatures using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed that GC samples have lower interplanar spacing (d₀₀₂) and larger crystallite size than NGC, while Raman shows more short-range order and defects in NGC. Furthermore, HRTEM images and fringe analysis demonstrated differences in lamellae structures, tortuosity, and fringe length. These observations, unveiling differences in crystallite size and degree of graphitization between GC and NGC, underscore the influence of temperature on structural order and defect annealing, which is crucial for optimizing material properties.

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利用不同等级的生物沥青源开发石墨碳和非石墨碳

在生产可持续碳材料的过程中，对化石燃料的生物可再生替代品的需求日益增长，这种替代品旨在减少对环境的影响，对于推动实现更加绿色的未来至关重要。本研究探索了一种从生物油中生产生物沟渠的创新方法，随后通过碳化和石墨化过程，将生物沟渠用作开发高级石墨碳（GC）和非石墨碳（NGC）的可持续前体。研究强调了生物油和生物沟渠的化学成分（包括杂原子结构、芳香族/脂肪族比例以及含氧官能团的氧含量）对生产 GC 和 NGC 的影响。研究还利用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HRTEM) 和拉曼光谱等表征技术研究了它们在不同加热温度下的结构参数。X 射线衍射分析表明，与 NGC 相比，GC 样品的平面间距（d002）更小，晶粒尺寸更大，而拉曼光谱则显示 NGC 中存在更多的短程有序和缺陷。此外，HRTEM 图像和条纹分析表明了层状结构、扭曲度和条纹长度的差异。这些观察结果揭示了 GC 和 NGC 在晶粒大小和石墨化程度上的差异，强调了温度对结构有序性和缺陷退火的影响，这对优化材料性能至关重要。

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来源期刊

Carbon 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

7.30%

发文量

审稿时长

23 days

期刊介绍： The journal Carbon is an international multidisciplinary forum for communicating scientific advances in the field of carbon materials. It reports new findings related to the formation, structure, properties, behaviors, and technological applications of carbons. Carbons are a broad class of ordered or disordered solid phases composed primarily of elemental carbon, including but not limited to carbon black, carbon fibers and filaments, carbon nanotubes, diamond and diamond-like carbon, fullerenes, glassy carbon, graphite, graphene, graphene-oxide, porous carbons, pyrolytic carbon, and other sp2 and non-sp2 hybridized carbon systems. Carbon is the companion title to the open access journal Carbon Trends. Relevant application areas for carbon materials include biology and medicine, catalysis, electronic, optoelectronic, spintronic, high-frequency, and photonic devices, energy storage and conversion systems, environmental applications and water treatment, smart materials and systems, and structural and thermal applications.