Snail shell derived magnetic nanocatalysts for biodiesel production: Process optimization through response surface methodology, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies
Supongsenla Ao , Heather F. Greer , Lana A. Alghamdi , Umer Rashid , Gopinath Halder , Andrew E.H. Wheatley , Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
In this study, calcium oxide-magnetite (CaO-Fe₃O₄) nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized from waste inorganic biomass (snail shells) using sequential calcination, hydration, and dehydration processes. The synthesized catalyst was thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM-EDS, BET, XPS, CO₂-TPD, VSM, and ICP-OES analysis and applied to the transesterification of soybean oil to produce biodiesel. The reaction was optimized using response surface methodology, achieving a high biodiesel yield of 97.7 ± 0.2 % (98.0 ± 0.4 % conversion). The quality of the biodiesel was confirmed by comparing its physicochemical properties with ASTM standards. The transesterification reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 42.5 kJ mol⁻1. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis showed that the process was endothermic (ΔH° = 39.13 kJ mol⁻1) and non-spontaneous. The catalyst was reused for up to seven reaction cycles, and the nature of the reused catalyst after the seventh cycle was thoroughly examined later in the study.
期刊介绍:
Biomass & Bioenergy is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of energy and materials.
The scope of the journal extends to the environmental, management and economic aspects of biomass and bioenergy.
Key areas covered by the journal:
• Biomass: sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition. Please note that research on these biomass subjects must be linked directly to bioenergy generation.
• Biological Residues: residues/rests from agricultural production, forestry and plantations (palm, sugar etc), processing industries, and municipal sources (MSW). Papers on the use of biomass residues through innovative processes/technological novelty and/or consideration of feedstock/system sustainability (or unsustainability) are welcomed. However waste treatment processes and pollution control or mitigation which are only tangentially related to bioenergy are not in the scope of the journal, as they are more suited to publications in the environmental arena. Papers that describe conventional waste streams (ie well described in existing literature) that do not empirically address ''new'' added value from the process are not suitable for submission to the journal.
• Bioenergy Processes: fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes
• Bioenergy Utilization: direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and by-product remediation
• Biomass and the Environment: carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability, and biodiversity issues.