Green light for bidirectional charging? Unveiling grid repercussions and life cycle impacts

IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS
Daniela Wohlschlager , Janis Reinhard , Iris Stierlen , Anika Neitz-Regett , Magnus Fröhling
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Abstract

Bidirectional charging, such as Vehicle-to-Grid, is increasingly seen as a way to integrate the growing number of battery electric vehicles into the energy system. The electrical storage capacity in the system can be enhanced by using electric vehicles as flexible storage units. However, large-scale applications of Vehicle-to-Grid may require significant expansion of distribution grids. Previous studies lack a comprehensive environmental assessment of related impacts. Contributing to this research gap, this article combines techno-economic grid simulations with scenario-based Life Cycle Assessments. The case study focuses on rural distribution grids in Southern Germany, projecting the repercussions of different charging scenarios by 2040. Besides a Vehicle-to-Grid scenario, a mixed scenario of Vehicle-to-Home, Vehicle-to-Grid, and direct charging is investigated. Results indicate that Vehicle-to-Grid charging increases grid impacts due to higher charging simultaneities and power losses, especially when following spot market prices. Despite these challenges, the secondary use of battery electric vehicles as storage units can offset adverse environmental effects. Bidirectional charging allows for higher use of volatile renewable energies and can accelerate their integration into the power system. When considering these diverse environmental effects, bidirectional charging scenarios show overall lower impacts on climate change per battery electric vehicle compared to direct charging. The insights provided are valuable for researchers, industry, utilities, and policymakers to understand the potential positive and negative impacts of large-scale battery electric vehicle integration. The article highlights the most influential parameters that should be considered before large-scale penetration.
为双向充电开绿灯?揭示电网反响和生命周期影响
双向充电(如 "车辆到电网")越来越多地被视为将越来越多的电池电动汽车纳入能源系统的一种方式。利用电动汽车作为灵活的存储单元,可以提高系统的电力存储容量。然而,大规模应用 "车联网 "可能需要大幅扩展配电网。以往的研究缺乏对相关影响的全面环境评估。为了弥补这一研究空白,本文将技术经济电网模拟与基于情景的生命周期评估相结合。案例研究以德国南部的农村配电网为重点,预测了到 2040 年不同充电方案的影响。除了 "车辆到电网 "方案外,还研究了 "车辆到家庭"、"车辆到电网 "和直接充电的混合方案。结果表明,车辆到电网充电会增加对电网的影响,因为充电同时性更高,电能损耗也更大,尤其是在遵循现货市场价格的情况下。尽管存在这些挑战,但二次使用电池电动汽车作为存储单元可以抵消对环境的不利影响。双向充电允许更多使用不稳定的可再生能源,并能加速其融入电力系统。考虑到这些不同的环境影响,与直接充电相比,双向充电方案显示每辆电池电动汽车对气候变化的总体影响较低。文章提供的见解对研究人员、工业、公用事业和政策制定者了解大规模电池电动汽车集成的潜在正面和负面影响非常有价值。文章强调了在大规模普及之前应考虑的最具影响力的参数。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Advances in Applied Energy
Advances in Applied Energy Energy-General Energy
CiteScore
23.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
36
审稿时长
21 days
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