Convergence between brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease: Focus on mitochondria

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for the majority of dementia cases, with aging being the primary risk factor for developing this neurodegenerative condition. Aging and AD share several characteristics, including the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, and neuroinflammation. This overlap suggests that mechanisms driving the aging process might also promote AD; however, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. In this narrative review, we will focus on the role of mitochondria, not only as the "powerhouse of the cell", but also in programmed cell death, immune response, macromolecular synthesis, and calcium regulation. We will explore both the common changes between aging and AD and the differences between them. Additionally, we will provide an overview of interventions aimed at maintaining mitochondrial function in an attempt to slow the progression of AD. This will include a discussion of antioxidant molecules, factors that trigger mitochondrial biogenesis, compounds capable of restoring the fission/fusion balance, and a particular focus on recent techniques for mitochondrial DNA gene therapy.