Depression in the time of COVID-19: Examination of prenatal and postpartum depression, rurality, and the impact of COVID-19

Abstract

Background

To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms in rural versus urban populations.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 24,227 cisgender women who gave birth from 2010 to 2021 at an academic medical center located in a rural midwestern state. Exclusion criteria were <18 years old, incarcerated, or without a documented zip code. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered during pregnancy and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during postpartum. A sub-cohort also completed a COVID-related questionnaire. Rurality was defined as living in a county with <50,000 people. The COVID-19 era was defined as 1/1/2020 to 9/25/2021. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used as appropriate. Significance was set at α < 0.05.

Results

Rural participants were more likely (p ≤ 0.001) to exhibit clinical depression symptoms before the pandemic in both the prenatal (8.63 % of rural participants vs. 6.49 % of urban participants) and postpartum periods (11.19 % rural vs. 9.28 % urban). During the pandemic, urban participants had increased postpartum depression. Rural participants endorsed more financial and labor concerns, whereas urban participants expressed support system concerns.

Limitations

Study data were gathered from participants who gave birth at a single, midwestern hospital. Results may not be widely generalizable given the homogeneity of participants.

Conclusions

Rural women experienced higher rates of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms compared to their urban counterparts. The COVID-19 pandemic was a significant stressor, revealing specific mental health vulnerabilities among birthing people.