Evaluation of serum BDNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels alongside assessing mental health and life satisfaction in sulfur mustard-chemical veterans.

Abstract

Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare weapon has been used in conflicts. The delayed impact of sulfur mustard on mental and physical health of veterans remains a topic of significant concern. This cross-sectional study investigated the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in 227 SM-chemical veterans receiving long-term financial support and 77 healthy individuals. Their mental health status and life satisfaction were assessed through three self-report questionnaires (General Health Questionnaire - 28, GHQ-28; Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale, DASS-21; 36-Item Short Form Survey, SF-36). Our findings revealed higher levels of anxiety/insomnia, and psychiatric symptoms in the veterans compared to the control group (P < 0.05), accompanied by depression, stress, and anxiety as measured by the GHQ-28 and DASS-21 assessments. Severe depression and social dysfunction were not prevalent in the veterans compared to the control group (P > 0.05) according to the GHQ-28 findings. The SF-36 assessment indicated overall better health conditions for SM participants, with higher scores across various domains (general health, social function, and mental health) and two mental and physical dimensions in the veterans compared to the control group (P < 0.05). IL-1β and IL-6 levels were lower in the SM-exposed group than in the control group, while the BDNF level was higher in the SM-exposed group (P < 0.05). Alterations in BDNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels along with results of the mentioned questionnaires may be evidence of partial improvement in the mental and physical health of the SM-exposed individuals receiving the financial support.