Confinement in the Transverse Field Ising Model on the Heavy Hex Lattice

Abstract

Inspired by a recent quantum computing experiment [Y. Kim et al., Nature (London), 618, 500–5 (2023)], we study the emergence of confinement in the transverse field Ising model on a decorated hexagonal lattice. Using an infinite tensor network state optimized with belief propagation we show how a quench from a broken symmetry state leads to striking nonthermal behavior underpinned by persistent oscillations and saturation of the entanglement entropy. We explain this phenomenon by constructing a minimal model based on the confinement of elementary excitations. Our model is in excellent agreement with our numerical results. For quenches to larger values of the transverse field and/or from nonsymmetry broken states, our numerical results display the expected signatures of thermalization: a linear growth of entanglement entropy in time, propagation of correlations, and the saturation of observables to their thermal averages. These results provide a physical explanation for the unexpected classical simulability of the quantum dynamics.