Frauds on Navy Pay and the Men and Women of Maritime London, c.1620–1740

IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Margaret R Hunt
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Abstract

During the wars of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries tens of thousands of English sailors had their wages deferred because the government could not come up with the cash to pay them. Instead, Navy sailors were discharged with undated government promissory notes, usually called ‘sailors’ tickets’, which they and their families sometimes had to wait months or years to have paid. This essay traces the way the Navy tried to institutionalize this system, and it also looks at competing ordering projects coming from within the London maritime community that sought to pressure the government to pay the tickets in a timely fashion, to manage overextended credit networks and — in the face of considerable Navy opposition — to make tickets more fungible so they could be used as collateral for debts. One feature of these conflicts was the rise of frauds on sailors’ pay tickets, and over time the Navy endorsed increasingly punitive methods to deal with the problem, most notably various kinds of institutional prosecution. The people indicted for ticket fraud, many of them at the Old Bailey, were predominantly women, and their ‘crimes’ were linked to more legitimate activities long associated with sailors’ female relatives. This essay argues that predatory borrowing by the State and the competing ordering projects to which it gave rise helped to configure as well as to distort social relations and economic opportunity both for women and men within the maritime community.
海军军饷诈骗案和伦敦海运业的男男女女,约 1620-1740 年
在十七世纪和十八世纪初的战争中,数以万计的英国水兵因为政府拿不出现金支付工资而被延期。取而代之的是,海军水兵在退伍时获得无日期的政府期票,通常被称为 "水兵票",他们和他们的家人有时不得不等待数月或数年才能拿到这笔钱。这篇文章追溯了海军试图将这一制度制度化的方式,同时也探讨了伦敦海运界内部相互竞争的订购项目,这些项目试图向政府施压,要求及时支付船票,管理过度扩张的信贷网络,并在海军的强烈反对下,使船票更具可替代性,从而可以用作债务抵押。随着时间的推移,海军采用了越来越多的惩罚性方法来解决这一问题,其中最著名的是各种制度性起诉。因票据欺诈而被起诉的人主要是女性,其中许多人是在老贝利法庭被起诉的,她们的 "罪行 "与水手的女性亲属长期以来从事的更为合法的活动有关。本文认为,国家的掠夺性借贷以及由此产生的相互竞争的排序项目,既有助于构建社会关系,也扭曲了海运界男女的经济机会。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Past & Present
Past & Present Multiple-
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
5.60%
发文量
49
期刊介绍: Founded in 1952, Past & Present is widely acknowledged to be the liveliest and most stimulating historical journal in the English-speaking world. The journal offers: •A wide variety of scholarly and original articles on historical, social and cultural change in all parts of the world. •Four issues a year, each containing five or six major articles plus occasional debates and review essays. •Challenging work by young historians as well as seminal articles by internationally regarded scholars. •A range of articles that appeal to specialists and non-specialists, and communicate the results of the most recent historical research in a readable and lively form. •A forum for debate, encouraging productive controversy.
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