4D Printed shape memory polymers in focused ultrasound fields

IF 10.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104465

Hrishikesh Kulkarni , Jiaxin Xi , Ahmed Sallam , Phoenix Lee , David Safranski , Reza Mirzaeifar , Shima Shahab

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Abstract

4D Printing is a new area of additive manufacturing that extends the possibilities of 3D printing by including the dimension of time. This cutting-edge technique entails creating elaborate structures out of intelligent materials, specifically shape memory polymers (SMPs), which may dynamically change shape or functionality in response to external inputs. The purpose of this study is to conduct a rigorous spatiotemporal characterization into the potential of focused ultrasound (FUS) in actuating 4D-printed SMPs as well as to evaluate the impacts of different printing parameters on shape recovery. Experiments demonstrate that FUS is a unique and non-invasive method that can cause localized heating, activate several intermediate shapes, and accomplish full shape recovery in SMPs. Moreover, by optimizing sample size, ultrasound frequency, exposure time, intensity, and the location of ultrasound focusing, FUS possesses an enhanced capacity for temporal and spatial control of shape recovery. We determine the effects of various 3D printing parameters, including printing temperature, printing speed, infill density, and infill structures, on the thermo-mechanical shape recovery properties of a thermoplastic polyurethane. Shape recovery ratios ranged from 50% to 80% across different printing parameters. The study demonstrated that increasing acoustic field intensity can maximize shape recovery to over 95%, although this may cause to material degradation depending on sample thickness. The findings also revealed that these printing parameters significantly influence storage modulus, loss modulus, and glass transition temperature, highlighting their impact on thermo-mechanical properties. Furthermore, this study uses acoustical principles and thermo-mechanical experimental data to show a systematic relationship between additive manufacturing settings and SMP viscoelastic deformation properties. Lastly, a dynamic transition of a 4D-printed functional gripper-like structure, exhibiting both opening and closing motions upon exposure to FUS irradiation, was demonstrated using the optimized parameters. This research paves the way for FUS to accurately spatiotemporal and localized actuation of SMPs, particularly in medical applications.

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聚焦超声场中的 4D 印刷形状记忆聚合物

4D 打印是增材制造的一个新领域，它将时间维度纳入其中，从而扩展了 3D 打印的可能性。这项前沿技术需要用智能材料，特别是形状记忆聚合物（SMP）来创建精细的结构，这种材料可以根据外部输入动态地改变形状或功能。本研究旨在对聚焦超声（FUS）在驱动 4D 打印 SMP 方面的潜力进行严格的时空表征，并评估不同打印参数对形状恢复的影响。实验证明，聚焦超声是一种独特的非侵入式方法，它可以引起局部加热，激活多个中间形状，并实现 SMP 的完全形状恢复。此外，通过优化样品大小、超声频率、曝光时间、强度和超声聚焦位置，FUS 还能增强形状恢复的时间和空间控制能力。我们确定了各种三维打印参数（包括打印温度、打印速度、填充密度和填充结构）对热塑性聚氨酯热机械形状恢复特性的影响。在不同的打印参数下，形状恢复率从 50% 到 80% 不等。研究表明，增加声场强度可最大限度地提高形状恢复率，使其达到 95% 以上，但这可能会导致材料降解，具体取决于样品厚度。研究结果还显示，这些印刷参数对存储模量、损耗模量和玻璃化转变温度有显著影响，凸显了它们对热机械性能的影响。此外，本研究还利用声学原理和热机械实验数据，展示了增材制造设置与 SMP 粘弹性变形特性之间的系统关系。最后，利用优化参数展示了 4D 打印的功能性类抓手结构的动态转变，该结构在受到 FUS 辐照后表现出张开和闭合运动。这项研究为 FUS 准确地对 SMP 进行时空和局部致动铺平了道路，尤其是在医疗应用中。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Additive manufacturing Materials Science-General Materials Science

CiteScore

19.80

自引率

12.70%

发文量

648

审稿时长

35 days

期刊介绍： Additive Manufacturing stands as a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to delivering high-quality research papers and reviews in the field of additive manufacturing, serving both academia and industry leaders. The journal's objective is to recognize the innovative essence of additive manufacturing and its diverse applications, providing a comprehensive overview of current developments and future prospects. The transformative potential of additive manufacturing technologies in product design and manufacturing is poised to disrupt traditional approaches. In response to this paradigm shift, a distinctive and comprehensive publication outlet was essential. Additive Manufacturing fulfills this need, offering a platform for engineers, materials scientists, and practitioners across academia and various industries to document and share innovations in these evolving technologies.