Intrinsic Natural Resistance of Various Plant Pathogens to Ipflufenoquin, a New DHODH (Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase)-Inhibiting Fungicide, in Relation to an Unaltered Amino Acid Sequence of the Target Site.

Abstract

In recent years, increasingly stringent pesticide regulations have made the development of new chemistries challenging. Under these regulations, the new fungicide ipflufenoquin (FRAC Code 52) was first released in Japan. Its mode of action is new; it inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine-based nucleotides. However, because it is a single-site inhibitor, the risk of resistance developing in pathogens must be carefully considered. The risk for dual use of DHODH inhibitors in agriculture and medicine has also become a great concern because a new antifungal olorofim is under development against human pathogens now, and cross-resistance has recently been reported between ipflufenoquin and olorofim in Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, the sensitivity to ipflufenoquin was examined in culture and in plants using "baseline" isolates, which had never been exposed to DHODH inhibitors. Isolates of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica, Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. nymphaeae, C. orbiculare, C. siamense, C. tropicale, C. truncatum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were highly sensitive to ipflufenoquin in culture, but isolates of Coniella vitis, Corynespora cassiicola, Pseudocercospora fuligena, and Rhizoctonia solani were inherently resistant. Ipflufenoquin had low efficacy against C. cassiicola and C. vitis after inoculation of cucumber and grapevine leaves, respectively. To understand the mechanism of natural resistance, we analyzed the partial sequence of pyrE genes, which encode the DHODH enzyme, but did not find any differences in the deduced amino acids that were thought to be associated with resistance. Thus, mechanisms other than target-site mutations might be involved in the intrinsic resistance.