Adipocytokines and Inflammation in Patients and a Gerbil Model: Implications for Obesity-Related and Nonobese Diabetes.

Abstract

Background: Obesity is a predisposing risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Actually, not only obese/overweight but also nonobese/lean individuals may be prone to T2DM. This study is aimed at identifying the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of nonobese diabetes (NOD) and obese diabetes (OD). Methods: Serum samples from the nonobese nondiabetes (NOND, n = 47, age = 46.8 ± 8.4, BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m²) controls, NOD (n = 48, age = 50.7 ± 6.5, BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m²) and OD (n = 65, age = 49.8 ± 10.2, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²) patients were utilized to measure the expression of metabolic indicators, adipocytokines, inflammatory factors. Different adipose depots from offspring with corresponding blood glucose and obesity levels of a spontaneously diabetic gerbil line with various degrees of diabetic penetrance and body weights were examined for adipocytokines and inflammation factors detected by ELISA and western blot. Adipose tissue volume and fat cell size of the gerbils were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: The study yielded four key findings. Firstly, in comparison to the NOD group, the OD group exhibited more severe insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic dysfunction in both patients and gerbils, attributed to higher visceral adipose tissue mass and larger fat cell sizes. Secondly, in gerbils, gonadal fat deposition was linked to obesity development, whereas kidney fat deposition correlated with obesity and diabetes occurrence. Thirdly, in both patients and gerbils, the interplay between adiponectin and leptin levels in serum may significantly influence the development of obesity and diabetes. Lastly, heightened expression of MCP3 in gerbils' kidney adipose tissue may serve as a pivotal factor in initiating obesity-associated diabetes. Conclusions: Our study, which may be considered a pilot investigation, suggests that the interaction of adipocytokines and inflammation factors in different adipose depots could play diverse roles in the development of diabetes or obesity.