Jaime Parra Raad, Daniel Lock, Yi-Yi Liu, Mark Solomon, Laura Peralta, Kirsten Christensen-Jeffries
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Super-resolution ultrasound (SRUS) visu-Microvascular Phantom alises microvasculature beyond the ultrasound diffraction limit (wavelength (λ)/2) by localising and tracking spatially isolated microbubble contrast agents. SRUS phantoms typically consist of simple tube structures, where diameter channels below 100 μm are not available. Furthermore, these phantoms are generally fragile and unstable, have limited ground truth validation, and their simple structure limits the evaluation of SRUS algorithms. To aid SRUS development, robust and durable phantoms with known and physiologically relevant microvasculature are needed for repeatable SRUS testing. This work proposes a method to fabricate durable microvascular phantoms that allow optical gauging for SRUS validation. The methodology used a microvasculature negative print embedded in a Polydimethylsiloxane to fabricate a microvascular phantom. Branching microvascular phantoms with variable microvascular density were demonstrated with optically validated vessel diameters down to ~60 μm(λ/5.8; λ=~350 μm ). SRUS imaging was performed and validated with optical measurements. The average SRUS error was 15.61 μm(λ/22) with a standard deviation error of 11.44 μm. The average error decreased to 7.93 μm(λ/44) once the number of localised microbubbles surpassed 1000 per estimated diameter. In addition, the less than 10% variance of acoustic and optical properties and the mechanical toughness of the phantoms measured a year after fabrication demonstrated their long-term durability. This work presents a method to fabricate durable and optically validated complex microvascular phantoms which can be used to quantify SRUS performance and facilitate its further development.
期刊介绍:
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control includes the theory, technology, materials, and applications relating to: (1) the generation, transmission, and detection of ultrasonic waves and related phenomena; (2) medical ultrasound, including hyperthermia, bioeffects, tissue characterization and imaging; (3) ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and piezomagnetic materials, including crystals, polycrystalline solids, films, polymers, and composites; (4) frequency control, timing and time distribution, including crystal oscillators and other means of classical frequency control, and atomic, molecular and laser frequency control standards. Areas of interest range from fundamental studies to the design and/or applications of devices and systems.