Optically-Validated Microvascular Phantom for Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging.

IF 3 2区 工程技术 Q1 ACOUSTICS
Jaime Parra Raad, Daniel Lock, Yi-Yi Liu, Mark Solomon, Laura Peralta, Kirsten Christensen-Jeffries
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Super-resolution ultrasound (SRUS) visu-Microvascular Phantom alises microvasculature beyond the ultrasound diffraction limit (wavelength (λ)/2) by localising and tracking spatially isolated microbubble contrast agents. SRUS phantoms typically consist of simple tube structures, where diameter channels below 100 μm are not available. Furthermore, these phantoms are generally fragile and unstable, have limited ground truth validation, and their simple structure limits the evaluation of SRUS algorithms. To aid SRUS development, robust and durable phantoms with known and physiologically relevant microvasculature are needed for repeatable SRUS testing. This work proposes a method to fabricate durable microvascular phantoms that allow optical gauging for SRUS validation. The methodology used a microvasculature negative print embedded in a Polydimethylsiloxane to fabricate a microvascular phantom. Branching microvascular phantoms with variable microvascular density were demonstrated with optically validated vessel diameters down to ~60 μm(λ/5.8; λ=~350 μm ). SRUS imaging was performed and validated with optical measurements. The average SRUS error was 15.61 μm(λ/22) with a standard deviation error of 11.44 μm. The average error decreased to 7.93 μm(λ/44) once the number of localised microbubbles surpassed 1000 per estimated diameter. In addition, the less than 10% variance of acoustic and optical properties and the mechanical toughness of the phantoms measured a year after fabrication demonstrated their long-term durability. This work presents a method to fabricate durable and optically validated complex microvascular phantoms which can be used to quantify SRUS performance and facilitate its further development.

用于超分辨率超声成像的光学验证微血管模型
超分辨超声(SRUS)通过定位和跟踪空间隔离的微泡造影剂,在超声衍射极限(波长(λ)/2)之外观察微血管。SRUS 模型通常由简单的管状结构组成,直径低于 100 μm 的通道不可用。此外,这些模型通常比较脆弱和不稳定,地面实况验证有限,其简单的结构也限制了对 SRUS 算法的评估。为了帮助 SRUS 的开发,需要具有已知生理相关微血管的坚固耐用的模型来进行可重复的 SRUS 测试。这项研究提出了一种制作耐用微血管模型的方法,这种模型可用于 SRUS 验证的光学测量。该方法使用嵌入聚二甲基硅氧烷的微血管负印模来制作微血管模型。具有不同微血管密度的分支微血管模型经过光学验证,血管直径小至 ~60 μm(λ/5.8;λ= ~350 μm)。进行了 SRUS 成像,并通过光学测量进行了验证。SRUS 平均误差为 15.61 μm(λ/22),标准偏差误差为 11.44 μm。当每个估计直径的局部微气泡数量超过 1000 个时,平均误差降至 7.93 μm(λ/44)。此外,制作一年后测量的声学和光学特性差异小于 10%,以及模型的机械韧性都证明了其长期耐用性。这项研究提出了一种制作耐用且经过光学验证的复杂微血管模型的方法,可用于量化 SRUS 性能并促进其进一步发展。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.70
自引率
16.70%
发文量
583
审稿时长
4.5 months
期刊介绍: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control includes the theory, technology, materials, and applications relating to: (1) the generation, transmission, and detection of ultrasonic waves and related phenomena; (2) medical ultrasound, including hyperthermia, bioeffects, tissue characterization and imaging; (3) ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and piezomagnetic materials, including crystals, polycrystalline solids, films, polymers, and composites; (4) frequency control, timing and time distribution, including crystal oscillators and other means of classical frequency control, and atomic, molecular and laser frequency control standards. Areas of interest range from fundamental studies to the design and/or applications of devices and systems.
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