Optimization of Electrochromic Mo Doping WO₃ Films: A Study on Dual-Phase Stacked Structures for Energy-Efficient Smart Windows

IF 5.5 3区材料科学 Q1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochimica Acta Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145295

Jinshuo Bai, Yinan Zhang, Zixin Pan, Xiangru Yin, Guixiang Yang, Dequan Zhang, Hua Zhou, Xiaoping Liang

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Abstract

Amorphous tungsten trioxide (a-WO₃) films were prepared on ITO conductive glass via electrodeposition and subsequently crystallized to obtain crystalline WO₃ (c-WO₃) films by heating a-WO₃. A dual-phase stacked WO₃ film was fabricated by covering Mo-a-WO₃ film onto c-WO₃/ITO substrate using electrodeposition and thermal-assisted electrodeposition methods, respectively. Optimization of electrochromic performance was achieved by varying Mo doping levels (0∼5atom%). Results demonstrate that appropriate Mo doping (3atom%) enhances the electrochromic properties of a-WO₃ films. Mo doping introduced structural distortions that reduced energy barriers and enhanced ion mobility, leading to improved electrochemical and electrochromic properties. The intermediate c-WO₃ layer improves adhesion between a-WO₃ top film and ITO glass substrate, while the porous structure of a-WO₃ layer increases the number of active sites for electrochromic reactions. Mo3-a-WO₃/c-WO₃ dual-phase stacked film with doping 3 atom% Mo shows an optical modulation range of 83.4% at 633 nm, a coloration efficiency of 74.3 cm²/C, rapid response time (bleaching/coloration: 3.4 s/6.1 s), and 86.6% retention of its maximum current density after 2,000 cycles, respectively. The high oxidation ion diffusion coefficient (3.53 × 10⁻¹⁰ cm²/s) and reduction diffusion coefficient (1.55 × 10⁻¹⁰ cm²/s) were also observed. This dual-phase stacked film shows significant improvements in electrochromic performance due to the synergistic effects between the dual phases and Mo-doping. Electrochromic device (ECD) assembled with Mo3-a-WO₃/c-WO₃ dual-phase films as the working electrode, ITO glass as the counter electrode, and 1 mol/L LiClO4/PC solution as the electrolyte exhibited an optical modulation range of 74.2% and response time (bleaching/ coloring) of 6.8 s/3.7 s. These findings confirm that ECD with Mo-a-WO₃/c-WO₃ dual-phase films offer excellent electrochromic performance.

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电致变色钼掺杂 WO₃ 薄膜的优化：用于高能效智能窗户的双相叠层结构研究

通过电沉积法在 ITO 导电玻璃上制备了无定形三氧化钨（a-WO3）薄膜，随后通过加热 a-WO3 结晶得到了晶体 WO3（c-WO3）薄膜。采用电沉积法和热辅助电沉积法，分别将 Mo-a-WO3 薄膜覆盖在 c-WO3/ITO 基底上，制备出了双相叠层 WO3 薄膜。通过改变钼的掺杂水平（0∼5atom%）实现了电致变色性能的优化。结果表明，适当的钼掺杂（3atom%）可增强 a-WO3 薄膜的电致变色性能。钼掺杂引入了结构畸变，从而降低了能障并提高了离子迁移率，从而改善了电化学和电致变色特性。中间的 c-WO3 层提高了 a-WO3 表层薄膜与 ITO 玻璃基底之间的附着力，而 a-WO3 层的多孔结构则增加了电致变色反应的活性位点数量。掺杂了 3 原子%钼的 Mo3-a-WO3/c-WO3 双相叠层薄膜在 633 纳米波长下的光学调制范围为 83.4%，着色效率为 74.3 cm²/C，响应时间快（漂白/着色：3.4 秒/6.1 秒），循环 2,000 次后最大电流密度的保持率为 86.6%。氧化离子扩散系数（3.53 × 10-¹⁰ cm²/s）和还原离子扩散系数（1.55 × 10-¹⁰ cm²/s）也很高。由于双相和掺杂钼之间的协同效应，这种双相叠层薄膜的电致变色性能有了显著提高。以 Mo3-a-WO3/c-WO3 双相薄膜为工作电极、ITO 玻璃为对电极、1 mol/L LiClO4/PC 溶液为电解液组装的电致变色器件（ECD）的光学调制范围为 74.2%，响应时间（漂白/着色）为 6.8 秒/3.7 秒。

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来源期刊

Electrochimica Acta 工程技术-电化学

CiteScore

11.30

自引率

6.10%

发文量

1634

审稿时长

41 days

期刊介绍： Electrochimica Acta is an international journal. It is intended for the publication of both original work and reviews in the field of electrochemistry. Electrochemistry should be interpreted to mean any of the research fields covered by the Divisions of the International Society of Electrochemistry listed below, as well as emerging scientific domains covered by ISE New Topics Committee.